Abstract. Health questionnaires and parasitologic examinations of urine and stool were evaluated from a stratified random sample of 89,180 individuals from 17,172 households in 251 rural communities in 9 governorates of Egypt to investigate the prevalence of, risk factors for, and changing pattern of infection with Schistosoma sp. in Egypt. A subset, every fifth household, or 18,600 subjects, had physical and ultrasound examinations to investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for morbidity. Prevalence of S. haematobium in 4 governorates in Upper Egypt in which it is endemic ranged from 4.8% to 13.7% and averaged 7.8%. The geometric mean egg count (GMEC) ranged from 7.0 to 10.0 ova/ 10 ml of urine and averaged 8.1. Age stratified prevalence of infection peaked at 15.7% in the 10-14-year-old age group and decreased to 3.5-5.5% in all groups more than 25 years of age. Age-stratified intensity of infection peaked at approximately 10.0 ova/10 ml of urine in the 5-14-year-old age groups and was about half that in all groups more than 25 years of age. Males had higher infection rates and ova counts than females in all age groups. Schistosoma mansoni was rare in Upper Egypt, being consequential in only Fayoum, which had a prevalence of 4.3% and an average intensity of infection of 44.0 ova/g of stool. Risk factors for S. haematobium infection were male gender, an age Ͻ21 years old, living in smaller communities, exposures to canal water; a history of, or treatment for, schistosomiasis, a history of burning micturition or blood in the urine, and reagent strip-detected hematuria or proteinuria. The more severe grades (II and III) of ultrasonography-detected periportal fibrosis (PPF) were rare (15 of 906) in these schistosomiasis haematobia-endemic governorates. Risk factors for morbidity (ultrasonography-detected urinary bladder wall lesions and/or obstructive uropathy) were similar to those for infection, with the exception that risk progressively increased with age. Subjects with active S. haematobium infections were 3 times as likely as those without active S. haematobium infections to have urinary tract morbidity. The prevalence of S. mansoni in 5 governorates in Lower Egypt, where it is endemic, ranged from 17.5% to 42.9% and averaged 36.4%. The GMEC ranged from 62.6 to 93.3 eggs/g of stool and averaged 81.3. Age-stratified prevalence of infection peaked at 48.3% in the 15-19-year-old age group, but averaged 35-45% in all groups more than 10 years of age. The intensity of infection was highest in the 10-14-year-old age group, and showed a range of 70-85 eggs/g of stool in those Ն5 years of age. Males had higher infection rates and ova counts than females in all age groups. Schistosoma haematobium was rare in these governorates; Ismailia (1.8%) had the highest infection rate. Risk factors for S. mansoni were male gender, an age Ͼ10 years old, living in smaller communities, exposures to canal water, a history of, or treatment for, schistosomiasis or blood in the stool, detection of splenomegaly by either physical...

The current study was carried out to evaluate efficiency of different vaccination programs in protecting broiler chicken against Virulent Viscerotropic Strain of Newcastle disease virus. Different live and inactivated NDV vaccines were used throughout the experiment including; ND-HB1,Elite, LaSota, Inactivated GII and Inactivated GVII. Broiler chicks were divided into 8 groups; 6 groups undergo different vaccination programs against NDV while two groups were kept without vaccination to be the control groups. Challenge was done at day 30 th of age via intranasal administration of NDV velogenic GVII (NDV/CK/Egypt/567F/2012). Abs titers were determined at days 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days of the experiment. The obtained results of shedding titers of NDV clarified that the lowest shedding titer was recorded in group vaccinated by HB + double shots of Inactivated GVII + Elite + LaSota and HB + double shots of Inactivated GII + Elite + LaSota, then group vaccinated by HB + one shot of Inactivated GVII + Elite + LaSota and HB + one shot of Inactivated GII + Elite + LaSota at days 3, 5, 7 and 9 post challenge day at 30 th , respectively compared to those vaccinated by live vaccines HB + LaSota only and HB + Elite + LaSota only. Also, no mortalities (100% protection rate) were recorded in groups vaccinated with both live and inactivated NDV vaccines compared to low mortality rates recorded in groups vaccinated with live vaccines only. Based on the recorded results, it was concluded that application of ND vaccination programs containing both live and double inactivated vaccines (either GII or GVII) was found to be more effective than those depending on one shot of inactivated vaccine (either GII or GVII) plus live vaccines and more effective than program including live vaccines only.

In the Assiut, Egypt Epidemiology 1, 2, 3 investigation, a sample of 14,204 persons in 10 villages, 31 ezbas (satellite communities), and 2,286 households was drawn from a rural population of 1,598,607. Parasitologic examination of urine and stool were made for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, and physical and ultrasound examinations were made on a 20% subsample. The overall estimated prevalence of S. haematobium was 5.2 Ϯ 0.5 (Ϯ SE). This varied considerably by village and ezba, ranging from 1.5% to 20.9%, with ezbas having a slightly higher overall prevalence than villages. The overall estimated geometric mean egg count was 6.6 Ϯ 0.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine and was consistently low throughout the communities. Infection with S. haematobium was associated with age (peak prevalence of 10.6 Ϯ 1.5% in 15-19-year-old age group) males, children playing in the canals, a history of blood in the urine, and reagent strip positivity for hematuria and proteinuria. The prevalence of either hepatomegaly or splenomegaly detected by physical examination was low (4.0% and 1.5%, respectively). The prevalence of hepatomegaly determined by ultrasonography was substantially higher, 24.1%. The prevalence of periportal fibrosis (PPF) was 12.0%, but grade II or III PPF was present in less than 1%. Ultrasonography-determined hepatomegaly, in both the midclavicular line and the midsternal line, increased by age to more than 30%. Periportal fibrosis was more common in the age groups in which infection rates were the highest. At the village and ezba level of analysis, the prevalence of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and PPF tended to be higher in communities having the highest prevalence of infection with S. haematobium.

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