In the Assiut, Egypt Epidemiology 1, 2, 3 investigation, a sample of 14,204 persons in 10 villages, 31 ezbas (satellite communities), and 2,286 households was drawn from a rural population of 1,598,607. Parasitologic examination of urine and stool were made for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, and physical and ultrasound examinations were made on a 20% subsample. The overall estimated prevalence of S. haematobium was 5.2 Ϯ 0.5 (Ϯ SE). This varied considerably by village and ezba, ranging from 1.5% to 20.9%, with ezbas having a slightly higher overall prevalence than villages. The overall estimated geometric mean egg count was 6.6 Ϯ 0.5 eggs per 10 ml of urine and was consistently low throughout the communities. Infection with S. haematobium was associated with age (peak prevalence of 10.6 Ϯ 1.5% in 15-19-year-old age group) males, children playing in the canals, a history of blood in the urine, and reagent strip positivity for hematuria and proteinuria. The prevalence of either hepatomegaly or splenomegaly detected by physical examination was low (4.0% and 1.5%, respectively). The prevalence of hepatomegaly determined by ultrasonography was substantially higher, 24.1%. The prevalence of periportal fibrosis (PPF) was 12.0%, but grade II or III PPF was present in less than 1%. Ultrasonography-determined hepatomegaly, in both the midclavicular line and the midsternal line, increased by age to more than 30%. Periportal fibrosis was more common in the age groups in which infection rates were the highest. At the village and ezba level of analysis, the prevalence of hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and PPF tended to be higher in communities having the highest prevalence of infection with S. haematobium.

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Abstract. Qena is the southernmost governorate of Egypt included in the Epidemiology 1, 2, 3 national study. A probability sample selected 17,822 individuals from 2,950 households in 34 ezbas and 10 villages from a total rural target population of 1,731,252 (based on the most recent 1986 census of the population by the Egyptian Central Agency for Public Mobilization And Statistics). Parasitologic examination of urine and stool were made for Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, respectively, and physical and ultrasound examinations were made on a 20% subsample. The overall estimated prevalence of S. haematobium was 4.8 Ϯ 0.7% (ϮSE) and geometric mean egg count (GMEC) was 7.0 ova per 10 ml of urine. Considerable variation in prevalence was observed between the villages and ezbas, ranging from 0.0% to 20%, with the smaller ezbas having a slightly higher overall prevalence. The age-and sex-specific patterns of S. haematobium showed typical peak prevalence in early adolescence, with males having a higher prevalence than females. A history of hematuria was associated with current infection (odds ratio ϭ 3.6, 95% confidence interval ϭ 2.32-5.63). Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly determined by physical examination present in 7.9% and 3.0%, respectively. Ultrasonography-determined hepatomegaly of the left liver lobe was found in 10.1%. Ultrasonography-detected hepatomegaly in both the left and right lobes increased in prevalence from approximately 5% in children to 15-20% in adults. The prevalence of ultrasonography-detected splenomegaly increased slightly with age. Grade III periportal fibrosis was detected in only 2 individuals in the sample. Bladder wall lesions and obstructive uropathy were also very infrequent. Other associations with these measures are given. Most villages and ezbas had an S. mansoni prevalence of less than 1%. The exception was Nag'a El-Sheikh Hamad, where the prevalence was 10.3 Ϯ 0.5% (GMEC ϭ 57.4 Ϯ 2.6). Two other communities also had a prevalence Ͼ1% (Ezbet Sarhan and Kom Heitin).The Qena governorate, in Upper Egypt, is best known as the location of some of Egypt's most famous Pharaonic temples, such as Karnek and Dendera, and its Pharaonic tombs, the Valley of the Kings, in Tebes on the west bank of Luxor. The governorate is located about 535-650 km south of Cairo on the Nile River, as shown on the map in Figure 1 of the report in this supplement by El-Khoby and others. 1 Qena is bordered on the north by Sohag and on the south by the Aswan governorate. The Nile valley is at its narrowest in Egypt here and the arable land, a green strip only 1 or 2 km on either side of the river, is bordered by barren desert on both sides. The governorate is perennially irrigated throughout by principal main and distributory canals (Egyptian Ministry of Irrigation, unpublished data). The major crop is sugar cane, which requires large quantities of water drawn by pumps from surrounding canals. Other food crops are grown in small plots adjacent to the villages and are irrigated manually. In this region where the...

Background: young females in Egypt still face a number of challenges regarding their reproductive health (RH) despite efforts to enhance it. Importance of young women"s reproductive choices arises from the concept that early childbearing can impair their health and their productive participation in community. Aim: the paper aimed to explore the key determinant of the contraceptive (CC) use amongst young married females in Egypt using the 2008 and 2014 Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) with a comprehensive look at the CC use changes occurred in the study period 2008-2014. Subjects and Methods: data from the 2008 and 2014 EDHS were secondary analyzed. Variables were selected to assess their effect on CC use. Multivariable regression analyses were performed. Odds ratio was computed. Results: overall contraceptive prevalence (CP) decreased from 53.7% in 2008 to 51.2% in 2014. Traditional methods were responsible for this decrease. Younger age, being from rural Upper Egypt, husband desire for more children, no visit to health facility were the most important risk factors for not using any CC method among Egyptian young married females in 2008. Added to these factors; low women autonomy, no exposure to family planning message, in the poster and women justifying husband violence in 2014. However, region lost its significance as a determinant in 2014. Conclusions: our results discovered the determinants that modulate the CC use behavior among Egyptian young married females.

Twenty-nine maternal deaths were identified among 8656 pregnant women residing in Assiut city and three surrounding villages (Upper Egypt). This gives a maternal mortality ratio of 368 per 100,000 live births. Of these maternal deaths 83% were due to direct obstetric causes (hemorrhage, eclampsia, ruptured uterus and sepsis). Logistic regression analysis showed that residence (in villages versus Assiut city), parity (nullipara and grandmultipara) and illiteracy were significantly associated with increased risk of maternal death.