These short-term results obtained on a large cohort confirm that HIFU is an option to be considered for the primary treatment of localized prostate cancer.

The high rate of false-positive findings limits the correct interpretation of fluorescence findings. In spite of this, fluorescence diagnosis is superior to white-light cystoscopy in every case. By means of better detection of urothelial neoplasias and dysplasias, as well as more thorough and extensive resection under fluorescence control, it should be possible to reduce the recurrence rate of superficial bladder carcinomas.

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The diagnosis of benign ureteral polyps should be considered especially in patients younger than 40 years with filling defects of the proximal ureter on the intravenous pyelogram (IVP). The excellent results of conservative organ-saving surgery (open resection, ureteroscopic resection, laser coagulation) require precise diagnostic management preoperatively in these patients.