In this study, we screened eight commercially available brands of Lactobacillus-containing probiotic preparations and dietary supplements for resistance towards commonly administered antibiotics of different classes. According to disc diffusion results, most of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin and susceptible to penicillin-type antibiotics (ampicillin and amoxicillin), carbapenems (imipenem, meropenem, and ertapenem), and inhibitors of protein synthesis (chloramphenicol, erythromycin, tetracycline, clarithromycin, and linezolid). However, based on minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, six strains were reconsidered as resistant to tetracycline. All tested lactobacilli were resistant towards amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and norfloxacin. Resistance to cephalosporins was highly variable and decreased in the following order: ceftazidime/cefepime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, cefazolin, and cefoperazone. PCR screening for antibiotic resistance determinants in probiotic lactobacilli revealed a wide occurrence of vancomycin resistance gene vanX, ciprofloxacin resistance gene parC, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase gene blaTEM. We also detected the tetK gene for tetracycline resistance in one isolate. Additionally, we identified discrepancies between the claims of the manufacturers and the identified species composition, as well as the enumerated amount of viable bacteria, for several products. The results of this study raise concerns about the safety of lactobacilli for human consumption as probiotics, as they may act as reservoirs of transferable antibiotic resistance genes.
There is a need to systematize the information represented by dictionaries in modern bilingual linguography. The microstructure of bilingual (Russian-Tatar, Tatar-Russian) dictionaries is analyzed in the article. The object of the study was more than 200 language reference books (1951-2015) published in Russia.The following system of concepts is considered as a dictionary microstructure: a dictionary entry, a header unit, a phonetic characteristic, a grammatical characteristic, a head unit semantization (interpretation, translation equivalent), compatibility, etymological information, lexicographic illustration and lexicographical litter. Traditional forms of a head unit are described in the course of the analysis, the cases of an initial form unequal submission are revealed, etc. Besides, phonetic characteristics, etymological data presentation methods are analyzed in modern bilingual language reference books. During the analysis of the Tatar dictionary microstructure, it was found that not all vocabularies contain all of the listed zones, an initial form of a header unit is not fed in the same way, several words can be used as a head unit, most of the dictionaries (56% of the total number) has no examples of use, dictionary marks (grammatical, terminological, etc.) within the same dictionary; they are presented inconsistently. A comprehensive study of dictionary microstructure demonstrates the existence of various kinds of discrepancies and inaccuracies, which are associated mainly with the violation of one of the leading principles of linguography - the principle of uniformity.
The article presents an analysis of Turkic borrowings in the semantic aspect, particularly features of their functioning within set expressions. The materials for the study are academic dictionaries of the Russian literary language published from the 18th to the 20th centuries. These sources were chosen because the lexical variety of the language becomes, at a particular stage of its development, reflected in lexicographic sources, and most comprehensively – in explanatory dictionaries. This type of reference books is aimed at most fully comprise the everyday vocabulary of a literary language. Comparing the lexicographic sources of various periods, as well as a comparative analysis of the Turkic units contained in them, allows tracing the life of a borrowed word in a language and the stages of its assimilation in the receiving language, and identifying the features of functioning of the Turkic layer in the Russian vocabulary. Supra-word units with a Turkic component are also analyzed from the viewpoint of their lexicographic registration, i.e., in compliance with the parameter indicated in explanatory dictionaries. It was found that during their functioning in the Russian language, Turkisms broaden their sphere of usage and occur within phraseologisms, some of them being registered as early as in the 18th – 19th centuries.
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