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The aim of our study was to compare plasma carotenoids (i.e., biomarkers of fruits and vegetables intake) and tocopherols in 29 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients with 51 healthy controls and to explore the possibility whether these plasma antioxidants could be related to outcome among patients. The patients' blood samples were taken at the end of radiotherapy. We observed that plasma lutein, zeaxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, and total carotenoids were significantly lower in HNSCC patients than controls. Among the patients, 18 died and 11 were still alive during median follow-up of 55 mo for survivors. We found a significant positive association between postradiotherapy plasma carotenoids (lutein, alpha-carotene, and beta-carotene) and progression-free survival in these patients. This study indicates that increasing postradiotherapy plasma carotenoid concentration may reduce risk of premature death or recurrence of tumor in HNSCC patients. Increasing plasma carotenoid concentration should be done by increasing intake of carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables, as other studies have shown either no or negative effects due to use of carotenoid supplements.

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BackgroundLow vitamin D status is associated with reduced muscle strength, but the benefit of vitamin D supplementation is not clear.ObjectiveTo study whether a daily supplement of vitamin D could improve grip strength.DesignA subtrial of a double-blinded, controlled trial studying the effect of vitamin D on the incidence of hip fractures and other osteoporosis fractures in a frail nursing home population. Sixty nursing home residents in 14 nursing homes in the Oslo area were given 5 ml ordinary cod liver oil daily containing 10 µg vitamin D3 (vitamin D group) or 5 ml cod liver oil where vitamin D was removed (control group). Grip strength was measured at baseline and after 1 year with supplementation.ResultsGrip strength did not improve in the vitamin D group (0.4 kg increase) compared with the control group (1.6 kg increase) after 1 year vitamin D supplementation (p=0.22). Serum 25(OH)D was estimated to increase by 21.1 nmol l−1 (p=0.002) in the intervention group compared with the control group.ConclusionA group given a daily supplement of 10 µg vitamin D3 in cod liver oil did not improve grip strength compared with a group not receiving vitamin D from cod liver oil.

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<strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left"> </p><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Bakgrunn</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3 </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">kan forebygge brudd blant sykehjemsbeboere. Her beskrives<p align="left">metoden og den praktiske gjennomføringen av studien.</p></span></span></p><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Metode</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">g vitamin D daglig som 5 ml tran og kontrollgruppa fikk 5 ml tran der vitamin D var fjernet. Endepunktene<p align="left">var lårhalsbrudd og alle ikke-vertebrale brudd. Et enkelt studieopplegg ble vektlagt. På bakgrunn</p><p align="left">av styrkeberegningen var målsetningen å inkludere ca. 2000 deltakere.</p></span></span></p><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Resultater</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Konklusjon</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">The intervention study<strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left">”Prevention of hip fractures”.</p></span></span></strong></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></strong></span></strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT;">Nor J Epidemiol </span></span></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">2000; </span></span><strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">10 </span></span></strong><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">(1): 79-85.</span></span></p><p align="left"> </p><strong><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><p align="left"> </p><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Background</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: xx-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">3 </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">can prevent such<p align="left">fractures. Here we present the method and the implementation of the study.</p></span></span></p><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Method</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p><p align="left"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Symbol;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: Symbol;">m</span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">g vitamin D daily in 5 ml cod liver oil for 2 years and the control group received 5 ml cod liver oil<p align="left">without vitamin D. The endpoints were hip fractures and all non-vertebral fractures. It was considered</p><p align="left">important to use a trial that the nursing homes would find easy to implement. According to power calculation</p><p align="left">the aim was to include about 2000 participants.</p></span></span></p><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Results</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left">Conclusion</p></span></span></em></strong></span><strong><em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldItalicMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></em></strong></span><p align="left"> </p></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: The participation was lower than expected as recruiting nursing homes and nursing home<p align="left">residents posed considerable difficulty. However, the great majority of the ward staff at the participating</p><p>wards did not find the intervention demanding. A total of 1144 was included in the study.</p></span></span></strong></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: A total of 1144 residents from 51 nursing homes (of 106 invited) in Oslo, Lier and Bergen participated.<p align="left">The participation rate at the individual nursing home varied from 3 to 57%. The participants were</p><p align="left">85 years old and 3/4 were women. Mean calcium intake from cheese and milk was 450 mg/day, more than</p><p align="left">40% used a vitamin D supplement while only 3% used a calcium supplement. 1/3 of the participants completed</p><p align="left">the 2 years intervention, about 1/3 finished the intervention before 2 years because of death and 1/3</p><p align="left">finished before 2 years of other causes. The great majority of the wards did not find the intervention</p><p align="left">demanding.</p></span></span></strong></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: A randomised, double-blinded, controlled trial in nursing homes. The intervention group received<span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">10</p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span></strong></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: Vitamin D deficiency is a potential important risk factor for osteoporotic fractures. We have<span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">carried out a trial in nursing homes residents to study if supplementation with vitamin D</p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">ENGLISH SUMMARY</span></span></strong></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: Deltakelsen var lavere enn forventet idet det var betydelige vansker med å rekruttere sykehjemsbeboere<p align="left">til studien, men de avdelinger som deltok fant gjennomføringen av studien lite arbeidskrevende.</p><p align="left">Totalt ble 1144 inkludert i studien.</p><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">Kvaavik E, Meyer HE, Smedshaug GB, Falch JA, Tverdal A, Pedersen JI.</p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span></strong></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: I alt 1144 beboere ved 51 sykehjem (av 106 forespurte) i Oslo, Lier og Bergen deltok. Deltakelsen<p align="left">ved de enkelte sykehjem varierte fra 3 til 57% av beboerne. Deltakerne var i gjennomsnitt 85 år og</p><p align="left">3/4 var kvinner. Kalsiuminntak fra ost og melk var i gjennomsnitt 450 mg/dag, 40% brukte vitamin Dtilskudd</p><p align="left">daglig mens 3% brukte kalsiumtilskudd. 1/3 av deltakerne fullførte intervensjonen, ca. 1/3 avsluttet</p><p align="left">før 2 år pga. død og 1/3 avsluttet før 2 år av andre årsaker. De fleste avdelingslederne fant det lite</p><p align="left">arbeidskrevende å gjennomføre intervensjonen.</p></span></span></strong></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: En randomisert, dobbelt blindet, kontrollert studie på sykehjem. Intervensjonsgruppa fikk i 2 år<span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">10</p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span></strong></em><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;">: Vitamin D-mangel er en potensielt viktig risikofaktor for osteoporotiske brudd. Vi har gjennomført<span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left">en studie for å teste om vitamin D</p></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT;"><p align="left"> </p></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;"><span style="font-size: x-small; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT;">SAMMENDRAG</span></span></strong>

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