<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The use of antibiotics against different pathogens in acute tonsillitis has been the general trend through the years. Penicillin has been the drug of choice for the management. But due to increased incidence of resistance in case of penicillin’s, other antibiotics are also used for the treatment of acute tonsillitis. The study was conducted with the objective to find out the antibiotic sensitivity and susceptibility pattern against microbial pathogens in acute tonsillitis.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Our prospective observational study was carried out in the otorhinolaryngology department in Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre. The period of study was from June 2015 to August 2015. After getting approval from the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) throat swabs were collected randomly from 50 patients visiting the ENT OPD. An informed consent was obtained from every patient who was a part of this study before commencing the study.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The commonly used antibiotics showed a higher resistance pattern as compared to the less commonly used antibiotics. Ampicillin and Amoxicillin showed poor sensitivity results in case of both <em>Streptococci </em>as well as <em>Staphylococci</em>.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Study findings therefore helped in perusing a guarded and judicious use of antibiotics in cases of acute tonsillitis and will thus help in improving the quality of antibiotic therapy provided to the patient. </p>

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Chronic otitis media (COM) is the inflammation of the middle ear, which is characterised by ear discharge due to tympanic membrane perforation, at least for over a month. The inflammation is due to the underlying infection, due to which the middle ear mucosa gets inflamed, leading to discharge and eventual perforation of the tympanic membrane. The aim of the study was to study the microbial flora and its culture and sensitivity from ear discharge in chronic otitis media.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Total of 100 ears with either mucosal COM or squamosal COM were included in this study. Patients coming to the outpatient department (OPD) with discharging ear were subjected to aural suctioning/cleaning with the use of bulls eye lamp. After cleaning the external auditory canal, sterile aural speculum were introduced into the EAC, creating a sterile conduit. Following this, middle ear discharge or the discharge around the tympanic membrane was collected using sterile cotton swabs and sent for laboratory within half an hour for mycological and bacteriological study.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results: </strong>Majority of patients were in an age group of 10-20 years, followed by age group of 21-30 years. The male to female ratio was 4.7:5.3. Out of the 100 swabs sent for culture and sensitivity, 6 swabs had no growth whereas <em>Pseudomonas aeroginosa </em>was the highest isolated organism (36 swabs), followed by <em>Proteus mirabilis </em>(23 swabs). Aerobic infection was the commonest, isolated in 47.9% of culture positive swabs. Polymyxin B was the most sensitive antibiotic, whereas cefotaxime was the most resistant antibiotic.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </em>and <em>Proteus mirabilis </em>are the main bacteria isolated in mucosal COM. There is development of drug resistance in the majority of bacteria in chronic otitis media, due to excessive usage of antibiotics, making the treatment much difficult.</p>

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Cholesteatoma term was coined by Johannes Muller in 1838. Cholesteatomas are the last stage of squamous epithelial retraction comprising either the pars tensa or flaccida that are not self-cleansing, which retain epithelial debris and elicit a secondary, inflammatory reaction. Active squamosal epithelial disease is a retraction pocket which is filled with keratinous debris.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> 50 patients were selected presenting with active squamosal chronic otitis media (COM). For all cases a detailed history was taken, otoscopic and otomicroscopic examination along with tuning fork test were performed to know the status of tympanic membrane and status of air and bone conduction of sound waves. Audiological assessment was done by pure tone audiometry. X-ray mastoid and high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) temporal bone was done for analysis. Pre anaesthetic fitness was taken and patients were posted for tympanomastoid exploration.  </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Most common presentation was of foul smelling otorrhoea in 40 patients, reduced hearing in 40 patients. 8 patients presented with vertigo and 2 presented with facial nerve paresis. Most common otoscopic finding was pf postero-superior retraction pocket in 26 patients. After clinical and radiological assessment 30 patients were posted for canal wall down mastoidectomy.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Primary acquired cholesteatomacan affect all age group with significant effect on hearing and quality of life.</p>

patients may also have the turbinate hypertrophy which needs surgical management to achieve complete relief. Inferior turbinate hypertrophy is commonly carried out and it can be done with the help of various techniques which increases the nasal cavity and provides more room for the airflow. 4The aim of the present study was to assess and compare postoperative relief and complications after septoplasty and septoplasty with turbinectomy. METHODSThis was a prospective observational study done on 50 patients with complaints of nasal block attending to the ABSTRACT Background: Nasal obstruction was the common symptom of deviated nasal symptom. Many surgical procedures are available to correct the deviation. The current study was aimed to assess and compare the postoperative relief and complications of septoplasty alone and septoplasty with turbinectomy. Methods: This prospective study was done on 50 patients with nasal blockage due to deviated nasal septum. Study was done at department of ENT, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College and Hospital, DPU between July 2016 to September 2018. Patients randomly selected and operated with septoplasty alone (n=25) and septoplasty with turbinectomy (n=25). Assessment and comparisons was made in terms of postoperative relief and complications in both the groups. Results: Significant postoperative relief was seen in group of patients after septoplasty with turbinectomy. Retained deviation and dryness of nose are the common complications observed in group of patients treated with septoplasty and septoplasty with turbinectomy respectively and on follow up of 4 weeks postoperatively the rate of frequency of complications was reduced in group of patients managed with septoplasty with turbinectomy. Conclusions: Postoperative relief and reduction in complication rate after 4 week follow-up was higher in group of patients operated with septoplasty with turbinectomy compared to group of patients managed with septoplasty alone.