Medicinal plants like pumpkin seed, thyme, onion, Nigella sativa, lemon balm, and stinging nettle are used extensively today. One of these plants used most intensively and widespread is garlic. In this context, fresh shape, powder state and oil of garlic have been used all around the world, especially in Far East for centuries. It is scientifically proven that garlic is effectively used in cardiovascular diseases as a regulator of blood pressure, with dropper effects on glycaemia and high blood cholesterol, against bacterial, viral, mycotic and parasitic infections. It's also known that garlic is a wonderful plant having the properties of empowering immune system, anti-tumour and antioxidant effects. In this article, the summary of properties of garlic and its use against bacterial diseases is given. This article is a short review of recent patents on antimicrobial effect of garlic.

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From years 2000 to 2003, Salmonella was investigated from a total of 1785 samples comprised of chicken intestinal samples, cloacal swabs, drag swabs, litter samples and chick dust samples collected from 191 poultry breeding flocks belonging to 15 different chicken breeding stock companies in the Marmara region, Turkey by a SYBR green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction (SGBRT-PCR), by a probe-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PSRT-PCR) and by standardized bacteriology as described in the manual of National Poultry Improvement Plan and Auxillary Provisions, United States Department of Agriculture. Between January 2000 and July 2001, Salmonella was detected at the rates of 5.87% and 4.10% out of a total of 1242 samples by SGBRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. From July 2001 until December 2003, Salmonella was found at rates of 11.42% and 5.52% from a total of 543 samples by PSRT-PCR and bacteriology, respectively. The dominant Salmonella serovar was determined as Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), while serogroup C1 and C2 in 2001 and serogroup E1 in 2002 were isolated as additional serovars. As a conclusion, S. Enteritidis seems to be the major problem in poultry breeding flocks in Turkey, and both of the real-time polymerase chain reaction methods were found more sensitive than standard bacteriology for the detection of Salmonella from poultry samples.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyethylene glycol-polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) have an organic structure and no negative effect on human health. The present study compares the antimicrobial effectiveness of PEG and PEG-PLA on microbial growth. The following pathogens and fungi were examined: seven bacteria strains and 10 fungi (four yeasts and six molds). PEG, a non-modified polymer, exhibited no inhibition effect on all test microorganisms. However, the antimicrobial effect increased with the concentration of PEG-PLA. Bacteria showed more sensitivity to PEG-PLA compared with the other microorganisms used in this study. ATCC 19434 was found to be the most resistant bacteria. Molds and yeasts were more resistant than bacteria against PEG-PLA. MIC and MFC could not be determined on the tested fungi owing to the level of concentrations used, with the exception of the yeast and the molds and.

Endometritis is an important cause of subfertility with high economic impact in mares and is mostly associated with bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial pathogens in uteri and the susceptibility of some clinical isolates against several antimicrobial agents frequently used to control bacterial endometritis in mares in Germany. A total of 247 uterine swabs taken from mares with fertility problems were cultured to isolate bacteria and in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility of ß-hemolytic Streptococcus spp. and Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains was determined. Totally, 151 samples (61.1%) were found culture positive. A total of 332 microorganisms including 331 bacteria and one fungus were isolated from the samples. From the bacteria, 21,9%, 15.9%, 15.4%, 12%, 10.5%, 5.7% and 3.0% of the isolates were identified as Escherichia coli (E. coli), α-hemolytic streptococci, ß-hemolytic streptococci, Bacillus spp., γ-hemolytic streptococci, coliform bacteria and Staphylococcus aureus (Staph. aureus) respectively. The remaining isolates (15.6%) included 13 other bacterial species and one fungus. ß-hemolytic streptococci and E. coli strains were considered as frequently associated with fertility problems and antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates against 14 antimicrobial agents including penicillin, tulathromycin, tetracycline, erythromycin, florfenicol, ceftiofur, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, cefquinome, colistin, marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim was determined. All ß-hemolytic streptococci were found to be susceptible to penicillin, ceftiofur, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, cefquinome, marbofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim, whereas 29.3% of ß-hemolytic streptococci showed resistance against colistin. All E. coli strains and 50% of them were resistant to penicillin and erythromycin, respectively, wheres all E. coli isolates were sensitive to all other tested antimicrobial agents used in this study. Keywords: Mare, Endometritis, Bacterial Isolation, Antibiotic Susceptibility Fertilite Problemli Damızlık Kısrakların Uteruslarından Bakteri İzolasyonu ve Antimikrobiyal Duyarlılık ÖzetKısraklarda endometritis yüksek ekonomik kayba sebep olan önemli kısırlık nedeni olup, çoğunlukla bakteriyel infeksiyonlar sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Almanya'da kısraklarda bakteriyel endometritis patojenlerini belirlemek ve klinik izolatların çeşitli antimikrobiyal ajanlara duyarlılıklarını araştırmaktır. Bu çalışmada Almanya'da fertilite problemi olan kısraklardan toplanan 247 uterus numunesi mikrobiyal ve antibiyotik duyarlılığı yönünden değerlendirildi. Yüzellibir (%61.1) numune bakteriyolojik olarak pozitif bulundu. 331'i bakteri ve biri mantar olmak üzere toplam 332 mikroorganizma izole edildi. Bakteri izolatların % 21.9'u Escherichia coli (E. coli), %15.9'u, α-hemolitik streptokok, %15.4'ü ß-hemolitik streptokok, %12'si Bacillus spp., %10.5'i γ-hemolitik streptokok, %5.7'i koliform bakteri ve %3'ü S...

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The mastitis of dairy goats is a disease of the economic importance worldwide and is mostly associated with bacterial infections. The aim of this study was to isolate the bacteriae causing subclinical mastitis, and determine to the susceptibility of some clinical isolates against several antimicrobial agents frequently used to control bacterial subclinical mastitis in dairy goats in the Southern Marmara Region. A total of 68 Saanen goats were used for this investigation and subclinical mastitis was determined by using California Mastitis Test. As a result of bacteriological analysis of milk samples, 30 different bacteria species have been identified and non-aureus staphylococci found to be the predominant bacteria species with the rate of 22.1%. The species with the highest isolation rate among the isolates were Escherichia coli (18.9%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.7%), Streptococcus agalactiae (14.2%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (7.9%). The antimicrobial susceptibility of the high isolation rate species including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Mannheimia haemolytica to twelve antibiotics were determined by disc diffusion method. Bacterial strains analyzed showed highest sensitivity to ofloxacin (87.9%) and followed by cefuroxime (85.8%) and cefazolin (83.6%). In conclusion, subclinical mastitis still remains a problem in dairy goats, and for the elimination of subclinical mastitis, besides protective measures, determination of the bacteriae causing mastitis and their antibiotic sensitivities should be priority.

Background: Due to the economic impacts of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection in poultry, it is essential to have a fast, reliable and accurate diagnostic test to diagnose the infection. Aims: It was aimed to examine the presence of MG in the South Marmara Region of Turkey where extensive commercial layer flocks exist by RPA, ELISA and real-time PCR. Materials and Methods: In the study, 981 sera and 160 tracheal swab samples (20 swabs per each flock) obtained from eight layer flocks were examined for the presence of MG-antibody by RPA, ELISA, and the presence of MG by real-time PCR, respectively. Results: MG-seropositive flock rate was determined to be 100% by RPA. Twenty-three of the RPA positive sera in each flock LA, LB, LC, LD, LF, LG, and 17 RPA positive sera in flock LE (due to 17 positive RPA sera obtained) were examined for the presence of MG antibody by ELISA, and MG-seropositive flock rate was determined to be 87.5%. As a result of the examination of a total of 32 tracheal swab samples (20 swabs perflock/5 swabs=4 pooled samples, 8 flocksX4 pooled samples= 32 samples) for the presence of MG, real-time PCR positive flock rate was found to be 75%. Conclusion: To decide the flock whether it is infected or not and the initiate effective preventive measures against MG infection as soon as possible; serology should be applied simultaneously with bacteriology and/or PCR to prevent time loss due to shortcomings of serological tests used as primary screening test such as cross reactions, sensitivity and specificity problems.