-The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect on the physiological performance of maize seeds (Zea mays L.) of micro-priming with Bacillus subtilis associated with techniques of water restriction and seed-coating. The micro-priming of the seeds, without any additional techniques, was carried out using a commercial product, Rhizoliptus ® (Bacillus subtilis). Water restriction was carried out using a PDA medium (Potato -Dextrose -Agar) with mannitol (-0.7 MPa), upon which the culture was grown for 48hours. One hundred sterilized corn seeds were placed in each dish. Once root protrusion occurred in one seed, the rest were removed and kept in a laboratory environment for 48 hours. The coating was carried out by the addition of Seed Polymer Color HE (50 ml kg -1 ) to the priming mixture containing the Bacillus subtilis. The seeds were kept for 48 hours in a laboratory environment. A treatment which associated seed coating and water restriction was used on the micro-primed seeds, together with a control treatment without the addition of Bacillus subtilis. The Bacillus subtilis has no effect on the health of the seeds it; does however contribute to the growth and development of the maize seedlings, being influenced by the micropriming technique used. The use of water restriction associated with seed coating provides better results when micro-priming with Bacillus subtilis.Key words: Polymer. Priming. Initial growth and development. Zea mays L.. RESUMO -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da microbiolização de sementes comBacillus subtilis, associada às técnicas de restrição hídrica e peliculização sobre o desempenho fisiológico de sementes de milho (Zea mays L.). A microbiolização das sementes sem técnica adicional foi realizada com o produto comercial Rhizoliptus ® (Bacillus subtilis). A restrição hídrica foi realizada em meio BDA (Batata -Dextrose -Ágar) + manitol (-0,7 MPa), sobre o qual a bactéria foi cultivada por 48 h. Foram distribuídas 100 sementes de milho desinfestadas em cada placa. Quando houve protrusão radicular na primeira semente, as demais foram retiradas e mantidas em ambiente de laboratório por 48 h. A peliculização foi realizada com a adição do polímero Color Seed HE (50 mL kg -1 ) à calda de tratamento contendo Bacillus subtilis. As sementes foram mantidas por 48 h em ambiente de laboratório. Foi utilizado um tratamento associando a peliculização e a restrição hídrica nas sementes microbiolizadas e ainda, um tratamento testemunha, sem adição de Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis não apresenta efeito sobre a sanidade de sementes, entretanto, contribui para o crescimento e desenvolvimento de plântulas de milho, sendo influenciado pela técnica de microbiolização utilizada. A associação da restrição hídrica com a peliculização proporciona melhor desempenho no efeito da microbiolização com Bacillus subtilis.

O Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don é uma espécie florestal pertencente à família Bignoniaceae, com alto potencial para o paisagismo em áreas urbanas. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da temperatura e do tipo de substrato na germinação de sementes de J. mimosifolia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, num arranjo fatorial 4 × 4, totalizando 16 tratamentos, constituídos pelas combinações de quatro temperaturas (20, 25, 30 e 25-30 °C) e quatro substratos (areia, substrato comercial, sobre papel e entre papel germitest), com quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: primeira contagem da germinação, germinação, velocidade de germinação e comprimento de plântulas normais. A semeadura entre ou sobre papel germitest, combinada com a temperatura de 25 °C são condições adequadas para a condução de testes de germinação em sementes de J. mimosifolia.

The Fusarium genus exhibits morphological, physiological and genetic variation among its different species, which may lead to differences in the environmental conditions required for their cultivation. This study aimed to verify the effects of different culture media and lighting regimes on the mycelial growth and sporulation of Fusarium chlamydosporum species complex isolates that are pathogenic to Carya illinoinensis. Four isolates from infected Carya illinoinensis roots and inflorescences were selected; these isolates were purified and subsequently transferred to four different culture media: potato sucrose agar (PSA), water agar (WA), potato dextrose agar (PDA) and carnation leaf agar (CLA). The isolates were then submitted to three different lighting regimes: a photoperiod of 12 h (TL), continuous light (CL) and continuous darkness (CD). After seven days of incubation under the three lighting regimes, the mycelial growth was evaluated on PSA, WA and PDA, and sporulation was evaluated on PSA, WA, PDA and CLA. In general, PSA and BDA media support mycelial growth and sporulation, particularly under CL. CLA medium also supports sporulation, particularly under CL. The CD lighting regime and the WA medium are not recommended for either the mycelial growth or sporulation of the F. chlamydosporum species complex. RESUMO: O gênero Fusarium apresenta diversas variações morfológicas, fisiológicas e genéticas entre suas espécies, portanto diferentes condições ambientais de cultivo podem ser requeridas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos do uso de diferentes meios de cultura e regimes de luminosidade no crescimento micelial e na esporulação de isolados de Fusarium chlamydosporum species complex patogênicos a Carya illinoinensis. Foram selecionados quatro isolados patogênicos coletados de inflorescências e raízes infectadas de C. illinoinensis, os quais foram purificados e repicados para quatro meios de cultura: Batata-sacarose-ágar (BSA), Ágar-água (AA), Batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) e Folha-decravo-ágar (CLA), e submetidos a três regimes de luminosidade: fotoperíodo de 12 h (FT), luz contínua (LC) e escuro contínuo (EC). Após sete dias de incubação, foi avaliado o crescimento micelial em BSA, AA e BDA, e a esporulação nos meios BSA, AA, BDA e CLA, nos três regimes de luminosidade. Os meios BSA e BDA favoreceram o crescimento em diâmetro e a esporulação, especialmente sob LC. O meio CLA também promoveu a esporulação, principalmente sob LC. O regime de luminosidade EC e o meio de cultura AA não são recomendados para crescimento e, especialmente, para esporulação de F. chlamydosporum species complex. Mycelia growth and sporulation of Fusarium chlamydosporum species complex under different culture conditions Crescimento micelial e esporulação de Fusarium chlamydosporum species complex sob diferentes condições de cultivo

Cultivated grapevine (Vitis labrusca and V. vinifera) is of considerable economic importance to the Brazilian fruit industry for both fresh market consumption and for the production of wines, sparkling beverages, and juices. Black foot disease is caused by fungi of the genera Ilyonectria P. Chaverri & C. Salgado (anamorph: Cylindrocarpon Wollew.), Campylocarpon Halleen, Schroers & Crous, and Cylindrocladiella Boesew. In 2012, 4- to 40-year-old grapevines (Vitis spp.) showing reduced vigor, vascular lesions, necrotic root lesions, delayed budding, vine decline, and death were collected from seven locations at Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Fungal isolations were made from root fragments and crown lesions (at least 2 cm above the bottom) on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium added with 0.5 g L–1 streptomycin sulfate. Eight isolates were obtained and identified on the basis of morphological features and multi-gene analysis (rDNA-ITS, β-tubulin, and histone H3) as Ilyonectria macrodidyma (Halleen, Schroers & Crous) P. Chaverri & C. Salgado. One representative isolate (Cy5UFSM) was used for more detailed morphological and molecular characterization, and pathogenicity confirmation. When incubated in the dark at 20°C for 7 to 10 days, colonies of felty straw-colored mycelium (3) 4.79 cm diameter on average were observed. No sporodochia or other fruiting bodies were produced on carnation leaf agar (CLA) medium after 30 days. Microconidia that were produced after 5 weeks on spezieller nährstoffarmer agar (SNA) medium with addition of two pieces of 1 cm2 filter paper showed ovoid and ellipsoid shape (6.4 × 3.6 μm) and one-septate macroconidia (17.3 × 4.1 μm). To confirm the species, primer pairs ITS1 and ITS4 (4); Bt2a and Bt2b; and H3-1a and H3-1b (2) were used to amplify the ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2, part of the β-tubulin and histone H3 genes, respectively. Sequences of these three regions showed 99, 100, and 100% of homology with I. macrodidyma, respectively. To confirm pathogenicity, 4-month-old rooted cuttings of V. labrusca cv. Bordô were inoculated by immersing them in a conidial suspension of the isolate (106 conidia ml–1) for 60 min (1). Thirty days later, inoculation was performed again by drenching the crown with 40 ml of 106 conidia ml–1 suspension to ensure infection of the roots. In the control treatment, plants were inoculated with sterile distilled water. Plants inoculated with I. macrodidyma showed necrosis of the leaf ribs, reduction in root mass, root and crown necrosis, browning of vessels, drying of shoots, and death. I. macrodidyma was re-isolated from the crown necrosis and vascular lesions, confirming Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of I. macrodidyma associated with black foot disease of grapevine in Brazil, which poses considerable threat to the industry unless management options are realized. References: (1) A. Cabral et al. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 51:340, 2012. (2) N. L. Glass et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61:1323, 1995. (3) R. W. Rayner. A Mycological Colour Chart. Commonwealth Mycological Institute and British Mycological Society, 1970. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1990.

O agente causal da ferrugem da folha do trigo é o fungo Puccinia triticina. Essa doença causa danos elevados que podem comprometer a produtividade da cultura do trigo em até 80%, quando a infecção é intensa antes do florescimento e do enchimento de grãos. A utilização de cultivares resistentes é a melhor estratégia de controle da ferrugem da folha. Porém, devido à variabilidade do patógeno, a resistência dos genótipos é superada em até três anos após o seu lançamento. Para se defender da infecção do patógeno a planta desencadeia Finger, G.; Heckler, L.I.; Silva, G.B.P.; Chaves, M.S.; Martinelli, J.A. Mecanismos de defesa do trigo contra a ferrugem da folha por genes e proteínas. Summa Phytopathologica, v.43, n.4, p.354-358, 2017. Palavras-chave:Triticum aestivum, Puccinia triticina, proteômica, resistência, infecção. RESUMOmecanismos de defesa, os quais têm a finalidade de evitar que o fungo colonize os tecidos do hospedeiro. Esses mecanismos de defesa podem estar associados com a expressão de genes que possuem a função de codificar proteínas envolvidas na resistência. Esta revisão discute a importância da interação plantapatógeno bem como das proteínas envolvidas. Também apresenta as principais técnicas de proteômica que visam identificar e quantificar as diferentes proteínas expressas nas células vegetais. ABSTRACTThe fungus Puccinia triticina is the causal agent of wheat leaf rust. This disease causes great damages, which may compromise wheat crop yields by up to 80% when the infection is intense before flowering and grain filling. The use of resistant cultivars is the best strategy to control leaf rust. However, due to the pathogen variability, genotype resistance is easily overcome within three years under field conditions. To defend against the pathogen infection, the plant triggers defense mechanisms, which aim to prevent the fungus from colonizing the host tissues. Such defense mechanisms may be associated with the expression of genes that have a role in encoding proteins involved in resistance. In this review, the importance of both the plant-pathogen interaction and the role of involved proteins is discussed. The main proteomic techniques to identify and quantify the different proteins expressed in plant cells are also presented. Triticum aestivum, Puccinia triticina, proteomics, resistance, infection. A cultura do trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) possui grande importância no setor econômico mundial. Dentre os cereais mais produzidos no mundo, ocupa a terceira posição, superado apenas pelo milho e o arroz. Considerado a segunda cultura cerealífera, o trigo tem grande importância para a alimentação humana e está entre as primeiras culturas domesticadas (26). O grão de trigo é rico em nutrientes essenciais para o homem, possuindo em torno de 60 a 80% de carboidratos, vitaminas B e E, e proteínas (3). Cerca de 30% da população mundial encontra no cereal, e em seus derivados, a fonte primária de energia para sua dieta (15). Keywords:Os principais países produtores de trigo são China, União Européia, Estados...

Widely consumed by the Brazilian, lettuce has a cultivated area of 35,000 ha. Among the diseases that might infect this crop, white mold causes major concerns for producers. Mold is caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bar. It can lead to losses of up to 100% in lettuce. The objectives of this study were assessment of antagonistic effect of Trichoderma spp. isolates, grown and prepared on rice grain, on white mold of lettuce (S. sclerotiorum). The assay was conducted using 12 Trichoderma spp. isolates, four of which came from at least a year of storage at 4ºC, four from areas with a history of the disease and four from areas without a history of the disease. Both fungi were grown on wet rice grains and only Trichoderma strains was dried and ground to be used in the next assay. The experiment was completely randomized in a factorial 12x2 design (Trichoderma spp. × substrate inoculated or not with S. sclerotiorum) and control plants without any of the fungi. The percentage of survived plants was analyzed using AUDPC, number of leaves, stem diameter, length of root system, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root, and total dry matter. The results showed that all Trichoderma spp. were capable of lettuce growth promotion in the presence and absence of S. sclerotiorum. The isolates that showed the best biocontrol of S. sclerotiorum were TC1.15 and WM-13. To promote growth, the best isolates were UFSMT15.1 and WM-13, suggesting that the latter presents desirable characteristics for biocontrol, including excellent feasibility for large-scale production, good antagonistic activity to S. sclerotiorum and the ability to stimulate growth promotion in lettuce.

No abstract