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We estimate the early effects of the pilot project to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) in the Brazilian Amazon. This project offers a mix of interventions, including conditional payments, to reduce deforestation by smallholders who depend on swidden agriculture and extensive cattle ranching. We collected original data from 181 individual farmers. We use difference‐in‐difference (DID) and DID‐matching approaches and find evidence that supports our identification strategy. We estimate that an average of 4 ha of forest were saved on each participating farm in 2014, and that this conservation came at the expense of pastures rather than croplands. This amounts to a decrease in the deforestation rate of about 50%. We find no evidence of within‐community spillovers.

for PES are met. Implementers of jurisidictional approaches may also want to avoid conceptualizing their new model too narrowly and prescriptively, as was arguably the case with the conceptualization of REDD+ as a multitier PES scheme.

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Résumé -Les notions de vulnérabilité, de résilience et d'adaptation aux changements climatiques sont devenues centrales en même temps que sont de plus en plus étudiées les influences de leurs interprétations dans les prises de décision. La compréhension de l'adaptation évolue et un glissement d'une vision ajustement vers une perception transformationnelle s'observe. L'article analyse les avancées conceptuelles de l'adaptation dans les cinq rapports du Groupe intergouvernemental des experts sur l'évolution du climat de 1990 à 2014. Sa place prépondérante dans le dernier rapport (2014) reflète la difficulté d'en penser le concept, répond au besoin de faciliter son opérationnalisation et confirme sa pertinence pour appréhender la complexité sous-jacente à la problématique climatique. La poursuite de la réflexion sémantique contribue à la consolidation d'un champ de recherche prometteur et décloisonné. Abstract -A brief history of adaptation: conceptual evolution across the IPCC reports (1990-2014).In the past decade, work on the concepts of vulnerability, resilience and adaptation became central in climate change literature. At the same time a growing number of studies have focussed on the influence of cognitive factors on decision-making processes, such as interpreting elusive concepts such as adaptation. Comprehension of adaptation has evolved considerably since its recognition as a response to climate change in the 90s by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Currently protecting systems from weather events (the "adjustment adaptation" approach) is still the prevailing view in climate policies. Nevertheless, a shift toward a "transformation adaptation" approach is being observed. This position would take better account of the complexity of existing systems and allow reexamining their mechanisms (institutional, technical, financial). This paper aims to analyze conceptual advances on adaptation across the five IPCC reports from 1990 to 2014. This contribution attempts to show that the prominence given to adaptation in the latest report (2014) reflects the cognitive difficulty of conceiving this concept, responds to the growing demand to facilitate its operationalization and confirms its relevance for a better understanding of the underlying complexity of climate change and the global environmental change issue. Pursuing reflection on the adaptation concept should certainly contribute to the emergence of a promising and interdisciplinary field of research.

Global Comparative Study on REDD+ii