Realizou-se o presente trabalho objetivando avaliar a propagação de três variedades de caramboleira por estaquia em função da dose de regulador de crescimento (ácido indolbutírico - AIB), empregada no tratamento das estacas. Foram utilizadas estacas herbáceas apicais, sendo o experimento conduzido em câmara de nebulização intermitente, localizada em condições de ripado (50% de luminosidade). As estacas das variedades B10, Hart e Golden Star receberam o tratamento com AIB, nas doses de 100; 200 e 400 mg.L-1 (imersäo lenta) e nas doses de 1.000, 3.000 e 5.000 mg.L-1 (imersäo rápida), mais tratamento-testemunha (0 mg.L-1 de AIB). As avaliações, 90 dias após a estaquia, foram quanto: porcentagens de sobrevivência, calejamento e enraizamento; número médio de raízes por estaca e comprimento médio das raízes (cm). O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições por tratamento, compostas por 10 estacas, analisado em fatorial 3 x 7 (variedades x AIB). Conforme resultados obtidos neste trabalho, näo há necessidade do tratamento das estacas de caramboleira com regulador de crescimento (AIB). A variedade Golden Star mostrou melhores resultados, seguida pela Hart e B10.

Carbon sources are exuded and deposited by different soil cover plants. They promote growth, diversity and enhancement of soil microbial community functionality, due to organic matter degradation by participating in major biochemical cycles and the availability of inorganic nutrients to plants. In this way, it is necessary to evaluate the microbiological attributes of the soil after cover cropping, which allows for surveying and monitoring the soil quality, thereby enabling rapid responses in relation to managing changes in the soil. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate soil microbiological attributes and soybean grain yield under the influence of different cover crops. The experiment was installed in the year 2015. The treatments were constituted by the following vegetation coverages: sorghum, millet, Urochloa ruziziensis, forage turnip, Urochloa brizantha, crambe and fallow area, with cover crops sown in succession to the soybean crop for three years prior to the date of installation of the experiment .The evaluated parameters were soil microbial biomass carbon, soil basal respiration, metabolic quotient, enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase and soil β-glucosidase, plant phytomass produced by the different cover crops and soybean yield in each area. The use of cover crops promotes higher soybean yield. The microbial activity and its efficiency were modulated according to the type of cover crop used. Soil under sorghum mulch provided lower microbial efficiency. The U. ruziziensis plant residues remain for less time on the soil. The results show that U. brizantha may be the most suitable for its use as a soil cover plant, providing improvements in its attributes.

-The reality of Brazilian fruit farming is demonstrating increasing demand for sustainable information about native and exotic fruit, which can diversify and elevate the efficiency of fruit exploitation. Research on propagation of fruits tree is very important so that it can provide a protocol for suitable multiplication of this fruitful. Due to the great genetic diversity of rambutan plants, it is recommended the use of vegetative propagated plants. This research aimed to evaluate the propagation of rambutan by cuttings, layering and grafting, as well as seed germination and viability without storage. The results of this research indicate that this species can be successfully propagated by layering, grafting and seeds. We also observed that the germination percentage of seeds kept inside the fruits for six days were not influenced by the different substrates used in this experiment. Index terms: Nephelium lappaceum L, grafting, layering, cuttings.AVANÇOS NA PROPAGAÇÃO DA RAMBUTEIRA RESUMO -A realidade da fruticultura brasileira tem demostrando crescente demanda de informações sustentáveis sobre frutíferas nativas e exóticas, as quais possam diversificar e elevar a eficácia da exploração de frutas. Pesquisas em propagação em frutíferas tem grande importância para que se possa fornecer um protocolo para adequada multiplicação dessa frutífera. Devido a grande diversidade genética das plantas de rambutan, para estabelecimento de pomares comerciais da cultura, recomenda-se o uso de plantas propagadas vegetativamente. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a propagação de rambuteira por estaquia, alporquia, enxertia, bem como a germinação por sementes e a viabilidade no armazenamento. Pelos resultados dos trabalhos nota-se que a frutífera pode ser propagada por alporquia, enxertia e por sementes, e se existir a necessidade de armazenamento de sementes que não ultrapasse um período de seis dias e sejam mantidas dentro dos frutos, não houve diferenças consideráveis na germinação nos substratos testados neste experimento. Termos para indexação: Nephelium lappaceum L, enxertia, alporquia, estaquia.

The objective of this study was to verify if the germination temperature, storage condition and period could influence rambutan seeds germination. The research were realized in two stages, corresponding to rambutan seeds storage management: after extracted from the fruits or kept in the fruits, until sowing. Storage condition were also evaluated: low temperature (10oC) and room temperature, being realized the sowing at 0 (control), 3, 6, 9 and 12 days after storage, at different germination temperatures: 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C. The seeds were placed in plastic containers with commercial substrate with pine, using four repetitions with 10 seeds for each. The percentage and period of germination were assessed. The experimental design was completely randomized and the data was evaluated by variance analysis, applying Tukey´s test at 5% of significance for means with significant difference. According to the results, it is possible to conclude that the best temperature for rambutan germination is 25°C and the storage can be realized with the seeds inside the fruit until the time of sowing, in up tol six days.

Due to the lack of studies comparing Syzygium malaccensis(L) Meer e Perry, Syzygium aqueum Burm.f. and Syzygium jambos (L) Alston Syzygium in relation to the botanical genus Sygygium regarding the physical characteristics, the present research was conducted, aiming at biometrically characterizing each of the three species, as well as comparing them. The fruits were collected from the São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal. Syzygium plants were used for the evaluation of: fruit and seed masses (g); width and length of leaves (cm) and of seeds (cm); percentage of fruit pulp; length of leaf petiole (cm); and leaf area (cm2). Fifty fruits, leaves and seeds of each species were used, with 5 replicates of 10 samples each and the data were submitted to descriptive statistical analysis and organized into frequency tables. For comparative purposes among the species, a blocks randomized design was adopted, being analyzed by the Tukey Test at 5% of probability. The malay and water apple present fruits with high yield of pulp. The fruit of the malay apple are light, with narrow diameter, medium length, broad seeds, narrow and small leaves, with small leaf area. The rose apple fruit present medium mass, width and length, with broad seeds, narrow leaves, medium length and small leaf area. The water apple fruit are light, broad, long, without seeds, with broad leaves, long and having medium leaf area. Comparing the three species of Syzygium studied, it can be concluded that the fruit of malay apple are the largest, but the highest percentage of pulp is found in the fruit of the water apple, due to the absence of seeds.

Abstract The objective of this research was to analyze the influence of temperature on seed germination and seedling morphology for the S. malaccense and . S. jambosFor germination, 250 seeds of each species, of ripe fruits, were used, which were washed in running water, dried in room condition for 24 hours and disinfected. The seeds were placed in plastic boxes with medium texture vermiculite substrate and submitted to different temperatures: 20, 25, 30, 35ºC and 20-30°C in BOD`S, in a completely randomized design. The variables analyzed were: daily germination percentage, polyembryony and GSI. For morphological characterization, 30 seeds of both each species, submitted to a temperature of 30oC and samples were collected at intervals representative of the germination. There is no influence of temperature on the germination of S. malacense seeds and for S. jambos there are losses of 35oC. The temperatures of 25 20-30 and 30oC, influence the highest percentage of polyembryony for S. malaccense, for S. jambos, only the temperature of 35oC affected this process. The temperatures of 20 and 25oC decreased the GSI, for both species. The seeds have green cotyledons, hypogeal germination with brown primary root and whitish, short and filiform secondary roots.

The present study aimed to describe the pollen morphology in three species of Syzygium, to test pollen availability and stigma receptivity. The pollen was analyzed by light and scanning microscopy to show the detailed ornamentation of the pollen grains. Pollen availability was measured according to two protocols. Stigmatic receptivity was tested at different stages of flower development. There are differences among the pollen morphology for the species studied; when the polar and equatorial diameters are measured in the equatorial view of the pollen grains, it is observed that S. jambos is the largest species concerning the two values of the diameters, S. malaccense is the smallest species and S. aqueum, the largest species in relation to the polar diameter in the equatorial view. For the equatorial diameter in equatorial view, S. aqueum showed the smallest diameters and S. malaccense, the major diameters, but the two species overlap in the values of the measured diameters. There are variations in the number of apertures in the pollen grains. Alexander’s stain is more sensitive to estimate pollen availability and the species S. aqueum and S. jambos have the same schedules of pollen availability and stigma receptivity.

The introduction of new avocado cultivars into producing countries of the Southern Hemisphere may extend the offer period of fresh fruit for export. The ‘Gem’ (‘3-29-5’) avocado is known for extending the marketing period of ‘Hass’-like avocados. This study aimed to evaluate the horticultural performance of ‘Gem’ avocado trees between the 4th and 6th years after planting (2016-2018), in a commercial orchard in the Central-Western region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil. ‘Gem’ avocado trees grafted onto seedling rootstocks were evaluated regarding tree size, shoot growth, flowering, and fruit yield, quality and maturation. In the evaluated biennium, the trees showed a strong upright growth habit and compact tree size. Flowering occurred mainly in indeterminate inflorescences. Fruit yield varied between 106.89 to 116.89 kg tree-1, and 75-91% of the fruit classified within size counts 12 (306 to 365 g/fruit) to 18 (211 to 235 g/fruit), and reached physiological maturity in late June, but could be picked until October, i.e, four to eight months later than ‘Hass’. ‘Gem’ is a new alternative for extending fruit offer of late-maturity avocado cultivars and allowing higher profit to the farmers.