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Over 304,000 international students studied in Canadian universities in 2013 (CIC, 2014). In addition to their academic success, one important feature of their stay in Canada is the quality of the intercultural relations, and the adaptations they make during their stay. The present study sought to understand the intercultural relations, acculturation and adaptation of both international students and Canadian students. Fifty-seven international (all from China) and 68 domestic students were drawn from several Canadian universities. Cluster analysis generated two clusters for international students (integration and diffuse) and two for Canadian students (multiculturalism and melting pot). International students in the integration cluster were more tolerant and better adapted than those in the diffuse cluster. Similarly, Canadian students in the multiculturalism cluster were also more tolerant and better adapted than those in the melting pot cluster. Implications of these findings for preparing international and Canadian students for their intercultural encounters were discussed.

The present study examined the effect of expectation and evaluation of spouse’s filial piety on marital satisfaction among young Chinese couples. We administered scales assessing gender role attitude, marital satisfaction, and expectation and evaluation of spouse’s filial piety on 422 married participants and explored the relationships among these variables. The results showed the following: (1) gender role attitude mediated the relationship between participants’ gender and evaluation of their spouse’s filial piety. There was no significant gender difference in the evaluation of spouse’s filial piety; however, men were more likely to have a traditional gender role attitude, and a traditional gender role attitude leads to lower evaluation of spouse’s filial piety. Furthermore, it was found that the wife’s sibling condition influenced the participants’ expectation and evaluation of spouse’s filial piety as compared to the husband’s; (2) the evaluation of spouse’s filial piety was significantly positively correlated with marital satisfaction; and (3) women’s expectations of their husband’s filial piety moderated this relationship. The positive effects of the evaluation of spouse’s filial piety on marital satisfaction were significantly stronger when they had high expectations in this regard.

Questions from the World Values Survey were administered to 404 undergraduates at a Chinese university to explore the relationships among rural and urban experience, gender role attitudes, and psychological well-being. Results showed that female students were more gender egalitarian than were male students. Female students with traditional gender role attitudes were more likely to be from rural than urban areas, display lower subjective health, and report lower life satisfaction. Male students with traditional gender role attitudes scored higher on life satisfaction than did traditional females. The results imply that exposure to urban living experiences leads to more egalitarian gender role attitudes, and that this attitude is accompanied by better psychological well-being for females. Limitations of the findings are discussed.

Background The Functional Assessment Of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Spiritual Well‐Being‐Expanded (FACIT‐Sp‐Ex) scale can simultaneously evaluate the quality of life and spiritual health level of patients with chronic orthopaedic diseases. We performed the FACIT‐Sp‐Ex scale in Chinese, and tested its reliability and validity in patients with chronic orthopaedic diseases. Methods There were 249 patients with chronic orthopaedic diseases who were selected for the questionnaire survey. AMOS 23.0 and SPSS 25.0 were used for statistical analysis to calculate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the scale. Results The Chinese version of FACIT‐Sp‐Ex scale showed that root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.06. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.83, the subscale was 0.72 ~ 0.82. The meaning, peace, relational subscales and total scale of the FACIT‐Sp‐Ex were negatively correlated with hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) and positively correlated with health‐related quality of life (HRQOL). All four subdomains were inversely associated with HADS anxiety symptoms, the peace and relational subscales were inversely associated with HADS depressive symptoms. Elderly female patients score higher than male patients in faith subscale. The highest‐scoring disease in FACIT‐Sp‐Ex faith scale was osteoarthritis, which in FACIT‐Sp‐Ex total scale are piriformis syndrome and osteoarthritis. Conclusion The Chinese version of FACIT‐Sp‐Ex scale has good reliability and validity, which can be used as an evaluation tool for the spiritual status and quality of life of Chinese elderly chronic orthopaedic patients.

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