The challenges and demands of implant materials are changing as a result of the substantial expansion in the global population. Suitable implants are required for aged people, physical injuries, patients who need revised surgeries, contaminated implants, and accident victims. Hence, the requirement for implants is drastically increasing day by day. Metals, ceramics, and polymers are used as implant materials by biomedical industries for long-term suffering patients. Stainless steel, titanium and its alloys, aluminum alloys, cobalt, zirconium, etc. (metals), hydroxyapatite (ceramic), polyurethane, polyethylene, polyimide, etc. (polymers), are some of the examples that fulfill the implant requirements. There are many other obstructions, such as adhesion, inflammation, and bacterial attack, which minimize the implant’s performance and its activity. However, coatings on ideal implant materials are significant to avoid its failure and to enhance its durability and longevity. Advanced techniques, such as physical and chemical methods, are suitable coating approaches to promote the surface of implants with respect to mechanical, biological, and other multifunctional activities. This review paper focuses on and investigates several strategies for bioactive implants’ coatings, analysis, and emerging applications for biomedical industries.

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Bacterial invasion on biomedical implants is a challenging task for long-term and permanent implant fixations. Prevention of initial bacterial adherence on metallic implants is an important concern to avoid extracellular matrix (biofilm) secretion from bacteria that is resistant to antibacterial agents. In order to overcome this defect, recently, surface coatings such as zirconia (ZrO2) with higher smoothness have been shown to improve implants durability. In the present study, pulsed laser deposition (PLD) was used to deposit ZrO2 and silver (Ag)-ZrO2 composite coatings onto 316L stainless steel (316L SS). Phase purity, surface roughness and surface morphology, thickness of the coatings and elemental compositions of the coatings were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Total viable count (TVC) and epifluorescence microscopy analysis were studied to evaluate antimicrobial efficiency of ZrO2 and Ag–ZrO2 composite coatings using gram negative (gram −ve) Escherichia coli (E.coli) and gram positive (gram +ve) Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). On the basis of the present study, it could be speculated that ZrO2 coatings exhibited antibacterial activity against only E.coli, whereas Ag–ZrO2 composite coatings showed superior activity against E.coli and S.aureus strains.

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Hydrogels are a promising material for a variety of applications after appropriate functional and structural design, which alters the physicochemical properties and cell signaling pathways of the hydrogels. Over the past few decades, considerable scientific research has made breakthroughs in a variety of applications such as pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, agriculture, biosensors, bioseparation, defense, and cosmetics. In the present review, different classifications of hydrogels and their limitations have been discussed. In addition, techniques involved in improving the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of hydrogels by admixing various organic and inorganic materials are explored. Future 3D printing technology will substantially advance the ability to pattern molecules, cells, and organs. With significant potential for producing living tissue structures or organs, hydrogels can successfully print mammalian cells and retain their functionalities. Furthermore, recent advances in functional hydrogels such as photo- and pH-responsive hydrogels and drug-delivery hydrogels are discussed in detail for biomedical applications.

In modern days, the usage of trauma fixation devices is significantly increased due to sports injury, age-related issues, accidents and revision surgery purposes. Numerous materials such as stainless steel, titanium,...