Overholser CD, Meiiler TF, DePaola LG, Minah GE and Niehaus C: Comparative effects of 2 chemotherapeutic mouthrinses on the development of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 1990; 17: 575-579. Abstract. A 6-month double-blind, controlled clinical study was completed with 124 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of 2 mouthrinses, Listerine (LA) and Peridex (PX), used as supplements to regular oral hygiene measures in reducing supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. Following screening examinations for entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque, baseline gingival and plaque area indices, extrinsic tooth stain, supragingival calculus, bleeding and soft tissue condition were recorded. All subjects then received a complete dental porphylaxis to remove plaque, calculus and extrinsic stain. Subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups and performed supervised rinses twice daily for 30 s in addition to their normal oral hygiene, for 6 months. All indices were again evaluated at 3 and 6 months. After 6 months, LA and PX significantly (p< 0.001) inhibited development of plaque by 36.1% and 50.3%, respectively, and the development of gingivitis by 35.9% and 30.5%, respectively, compared to a hydroalcohol control. PX was more effective in inhibiting plaque and both mouthrinses appeared to be equally effective in inhibiting gingivitis. LA patients did not develop significant levels of stain or supragingival calculus at 6 months, compared to basehne or control. PX patients developed significant levels of extrinsic stain and supragingival calculus compared to basehne and control. Though PX was more effective than LA in the control of plaque, this study indicates that both LA and PX were effective agents in a regimen for the control of plaque and gingivitis.

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A 6-month double-blind, controlled clinical study was conducted on 107 healthy adult subjects to determine the efficacy of a mouthrinse used as a supplement to regular oral hygiene measures on supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. 115 healthy adult patients were recruited for the study. Following screening examinations for minimal entry levels of existing gingivitis and plaque in patients with a minimum of 20 sound natural teeth, extrinsic tooth stain, gingivitis and plaque index scores were recorded. Soft tissues were evaluated. All subjects then received a complete dental prophylaxis, removing plaque, calculus and extrinsic stain. Utilizing their normal oral hygiene, subjects began a regimen of rinsing with 20 ml of the randomly assigned rinse, twice daily for 30 s for 6 months. 7 days after prophylaxis, gingivitis was again scored (baseline 2). Soft tissue, gingivitis, plaque area and extrinsic stain were evaluated again at 3 and 6 months. Results demonstrated that after 6 months, listerine produced a 34% inhibition of both plaque and of gingivitis compared to a hydroalcohol control (p less than 0.001).

Gingival sites were clinically evaluated on the basis of gingival color and contour, pocket depth, bleeding upon probing and peercent bone loss as measured radiographically. Using anaerobic techniques, subgingival plaque collected from these sites was examined for the presence of the black‐pigmented Bacteroides (BPB). The BPB were identified by biochemical testing and Gram stain morphology. With one exception, only saccharolytic strains (B. melaninogenicus) were found at normal and gingivitis sites, while these and asaccharolytic strains (B. asaccharolyticus) were found at sites exhibiting bone loss.

This study characterized the subgingival microbial flora associated with 27 acute exacerbations of preexistent periodontal disease in 24 patients with chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. All but two acute periodontal infections developed at low granulocyte levels (less than 1,000/microL). Suspected pathogens were detected in high concentrations in subgingival plaque specimens in 17 episodes of acute periodontal infection; a single pathogen was recovered in ten acute infections, and more than one pathogen was recovered in seven acute infections. Staphylococcus epidermidis, Candida albicans, S aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominated, with combinations of these detected in some patients. Concomitant bacteremias developed in two of these patients. The subgingival microflora associated with ten acute periodontal infections was characterized by predominantly indigenous microorganisms, which in nine episodes were in abnormal proportions compared with microbial profiles in noncancer patients with similar degrees of periodontal disease. These data demonstrate that pathogens normally associated with infections in myelosuppressed cancer patients, as well as indigenous oral flora, are associated with acute periodontal infections during granulocytopenia. This finding is important, since this body site has not commonly been recognized as a source for acute infection in these patients.

This study identifies and correlates proportions of bacteria in periapically involved anterior teeth of 85 adult Egyptian patients. Affected sites were free from caries and periodontal disease but had a history of trauma. The mean number of component bacterial species per specimen was 3.1. Anaerobic bacteria were the dominant flora present in specimen cultures, comprising 73% (190/259) of cultivable bacteria. The most frequently isolated organisms were Eubacterium species (68%), black-pigmented Bacteroides (56%), Streptococcus morbillorum (47%) and non-pigmented Bacteroides (37%). These organisms also showed the highest proportional values relative to total cultivable bacteria. The mean percentages of total viable counts of these isolates were 19.0%, 14.1%, 18.0% and 15.5%, respectively. Statistical analysis of data revealed a significant negative correlation between S. morbillorum and Bacteroides species.

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Factors contributing to the succession of opportunistic pathogens at oral sites, including the periodontium, during myelosuppressive chemotherapy are poorly understood. This study examined the relation of periodontal disease to qualitative and proportional shifts in the oral microflora of 21 acute nonlymphocytic leukemia patients (7 male and 14 female, mean age (range) = 51.0 (25-81 years) observed during standardized myelosuppressive regimens. Supra- and subgingival microbial plaque specimens were individually collected from 2 contralateral oral sites (distobuccal of teeth 1-6 and 3-6) in each participant at hospital admission (day 1) and during point of maximal myelosuppression (day 14). Periodontal disease indices obtained at day 1 included site-specific measures of attachment loss and clinical assessment of disease status. Using a residualized change score analysis, periodontal disease status and attachment loss were positively correlated with increases in the proportional recovery of Staphylococcus sp. from supragingival sites and total yeast from supra- and subgingival sites. When age-related covariation in the microbial shifts was controlled in the analysis, periodontal disease status and attachment loss demonstrated no significant correlation with increases in total yeast at supragingival sites. These findings suggest that host factors such as periodontal disease may contribute to patterns of oral microbial successions during cancer chemotherapy.