The purposes of this study were to compare the hypotensive effects of treadmill running (TR) and resistance exercise (RE) performed by hypertensive subjects and to verify if the hypotensive effects of these exercises are maintained during a regular white-collar workday. Fifteen white-collar workers (42.9 +/- 1.6 years), treated with antihypertensive medication, accomplished three different sessions: 20 minutes of TR (approximately 70-80% of heart rate reserve), 20 minutes of circuit training RE (20 repetitions at 40% of 1 repetition maximum), and a control session without exercise (CON). The systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, heart rate, and blood lactate were measured at resting (Rest) and after sessions at 15th (R15), 30th (R30), 45th (R45), and 60th (R60) min, as well as after lunch (AL), four (R4h) and seven (R7h) hours of recovery at the participants' workplace. In relation to rest, a higher decrease of systolic BP after TR (-11.1 +/- 7.6 mm Hg) and RE (-12.6 +/- 7.3 mm Hg) was observed respectively at the R30 and R45. For diastolic BP, the highest decreases after TR (-4.0 +/- 6.4 mm Hg) and RE (-9.0 +/- 7.0 mm Hg) were observed respectively at the R45 and R30. The systolic BP and mean BP after TR and RE differed significantly from CON session (p < 0.05), and lower post-exercise values could be observed over the workday. In conclusion, both 20 minutes of TR and RE resulted in postexercise hypotension, and were able to reduce BP throughout 7 hours after exercise, even throughout the subject's regular occupational activities. Also, the RE promoted higher cardiac protection and can be a useful model of physical exercise prescription for hypertension individuals.

The purpose of this study was to compare different methods to identify the lactate threshold (LT) and glucose threshold (GT) on resistance exercise for individuals with type 2 diabetes. Nine men with type 2 diabetes (47.2 +/- 12.4 years, 87.6 +/- 20.0 kg, 174.9 +/- 5.9 cm, and 22.4 +/- 7.2% body fat) performed incremental tests (ITs) on the leg press (LP) and bench press (BP) at relative intensities of 10, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90% of one-repetition maximum (1RM) at each 1-minute stage. During the 2-minute interval between stages, 25 mul of capillary blood were collected from the earlobe for blood lactate [Lac] and blood glucose [Gluc] analysis (YSI 2700S). The LT in the LP and BP was identified at IT by the inflexion in [Lac] response as well as by an equation originated from a polynomial adjustment (LTp) of the [Lac]/% 1RM ratio responses. The lowest [Gluc] during the IT identified the GT. The analysis of variance did not show differences among the 1RM at the thresholds identified by different methods in the LP (LTLP = 31.0% +/- 5.3% 1RM; GTLP = 32.1% +/- 6.1% 1RM; LTpLP = 36.7% +/- 5.6% 1RM; p > 0.05) and BP (LTBP = 29.9% +/- 8.5% 1RM; GTBP = 32.1% +/- 8.5% 1RM; LTpBP = 31.8% +/- 6.7% 1RM; p > 0.05). It was concluded that it was possible to identify the LT and GT in resistance exercise by different methods for individuals with type 2 diabetes with no differences between them. The intensities (kg) corresponding to these thresholds were between 46% and 60% of the body weight on the LP and between 18% and 26% of the body weight on the BP, in which the exercise prescription would be done to this intensity in 3 sets of 20 to 30 repetitions each and 1 minute of rest while alternating the muscle groups for blood glucose control for individuals with characteristics similar to the participants.

Acute exercise may result in post-exercise hypotension (PEH), which has been observed both for normotensive and hypertensive individuals, especially after continuous exercise (low to moderate intensity). The purposes were to compare the hypotensive effects of continuous exercise performed with alternated (AI) and constant intensities (CI) and verify if AI is more effective on inducing PEH. Eleven hypertensive subjects (56.8 ± 2.6 years; BMI of 26.5 ± 0.3 kg/m²) performed, on different days, an incremental test (IT) and two submaximal exercise sessions (45 min) on treadmill (AI and CI). The AI consisted of 2 min at 55.9 ± 2.6% and 1 min at 74.5 ± 4.0% of heart rate reserve (HRR) while the CI consisted of 45 min at 60 ± 2.5% of HRR. On both sessions participants rested for 10 min before exercise for blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) measurements and then performed a 5 min warm-up followed by 45 min of either AI or CI. BP and HR were monitored at each 5 min of exercise and at the 5 th , 10 th , 15 th , 30 th , 60 th , 90 th and 120 th min of post-exercise recovery (rec). ANOVA and Student t-test evidenced PEH of systolic blood pressure (SBP) after both sessions when compared to resting (p < 0.001) at all moments of rec with no differences between AI and CI. PEH of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was observed at the 5 th , 10 th , 15 th and 30 th min of rec after CI (p < 0.05), but not after AI. PEH of mean blood pressure (MBP) was observed after CI and AI at all moments of rec. In spite of the similar PEH for SBP, the CI resulted in PEH of DBP, with longer reduction of MBP. No differences were observed between treatments for the absolute values of BP during the rec period. The authors conclude that the exercise intensities applied during AI did not induce additional hypotensive effects in relation to CI during the rec.

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Resumo -Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) é uma doença metabólica caracterizada por hiperglicemia e disfunções cardiovasculares, as quais podem ser controladas com exercícios físicos, controle dietético e tratamento farmacológico. Pesquisas recentes têm demonstrado associações entre DM2 e alguns polimorfismos genéticos, em especial do gene da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (ECA). A proposta desse estudo foi abordar a fisiopatologia do DM2 e a prática de exercício físico como forma de controle não farmacológico da glicemia e pressão arterial destes pacientes, bem como a associação entre o DM2 e polimorfismos do gene da ECA. A pesquisa incluiu livros da área de saúde, bem como artigos de revisão e originais referentes ao tema abordado, pesquisados nos bancos de dados disponíveis na internet: Pubmed, Scielo e Portal Capes. As palavras chave utilizadas foram "blood glucose", "type 2 diabetes", "exercise", "blood pressure" e "ACE gene polymorphism", e suas traduções para a língua portuguesa. Os principais assuntos do presente artigo referem-se à prática diária de exercícios, tipo e intensidades adequadas que têm se mostrado eficazes no controle glicêmico e hemodinâmico, assim como as possíveis relações com os polimorfismos da ECA, que ainda se apresentam incipientes, pois a constatação de associações entre estes podem ser fortemente influenciadas pelo tipo de população estudada. Os benefícios do exercício são indiscutíveis e suas recomendações apresentadas nesta revisão. Porém a literatura ainda é carente de estudos analisando os efeitos do exercício físico para diabéticos, considerando sua relação com aspectos genéticos, o que coloca este assunto em evidência como objeto de estudo na atualidade. Palavras-chave: Diabetes Mellitus; Exercício físico; Polimorfismo genético. Abstract -Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia and cardiovascular dysfunctions that can be controlled with physical exercise, dietary control and pharmacological treatment. Recent research has demonstrated associations between DM2 and some genetic polymorphisms, especially alterations to the gene that codes for Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE). The purpose of this study was to discuss the pathophysiology of DM2 and the use of physical exercise as a non-pharmacological method for controlling these patients' glycemia and blood pressure.The relationship between DM2 and polymorphisms of the ACE gene was also covered. The literature search included textbooks in the healthcare field in addition to review articles and original articles found on the databases Pubmed, Scielo and Portal Capes. Keywords used were "blood glucose", "type 2 diabetes", "exercise", "blood pressure" and "ACE gene polymorphism" and their

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This study compared the plasma kallikrein activity (PKA), bradykinin concentration (BK), DesArg9-BK production, nitric oxide release (NO) and blood pressure (BP) response after moderate-intensity aerobic exercise performed by individuals with and without type 2 diabetes. Ten subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and 10 without type 2 diabetes (ND) underwent three sessions: 1) maximal incremental test on cycle ergometer to determine lactate threshold (LT); 2) 20-min of constant-load exercise on cycle ergometer, at 90% LT and; 3) control session. BP and oxygen uptake were measured at rest and at 15, 30 and 45 min post-exercise. Venous blood samples were collected at 15 and 45 minutes of the recovery period for further analysis of PKA, BK and DesArg9-BK. Nitrite plus nitrate (NOx) was analyzed at 15 minutes post exercise. The ND group presented post-exercise hypotension (PEH) of systolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure on the 90% LT session but T2D group did not. Plasma NOx increased ~24.4% for ND and ~13.8% for T2D group 15min after the exercise session. Additionally, only ND individuals showed increases in PKA and BK in response to exercise and only T2D group showed increased DesArg9-BK production. It was concluded that T2D individuals presented lower PKA, BK and NOx release as well as higher DesArg9-BK production and reduced PEH in relation to ND participants after a single exercise session.