The effectiveness of ego-centered (mving map) and earth-centered (mving plane) displays was studied with subjects monitoring an animated aircraft situational awareness display. Other independent variables were subject experience (aircrew vs non-aircrew) and path complexity (straight vs turning).Periodically, the display blanked and probe questions were asked concerning the relationship of the aircraft to the simulated world. Questions included judgements about angles, distances, time and terrain. Simple paths elicited a 28 percent lower error rate than did complex paths. Wving map displays had a 32 percent lower error rate than moving plane displays. No other significant effects were observed.Subjective ratings by subjects after the experiment revealed unanimus preference for the moving plane display and that the moving plane condition was believed to be easier1 This contradiction indicates subjective data is limited in determining display effectiveness.
Abstract. This paper explores the functions of a conceptual, future "watch center" whose mission is to support Air Force information assurance requirements. A cognitive systems engineering approach is described through the insertion of multi-sensory, user interface technologies may be accomplished.
Public reporting burden -for this collection of information is estimated to average i hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, This report is the first step of a program with three explicit goals: (1) to illustrate and test the framework of Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) for use in military systems analysis and design; (2) to generate a database that will be useful for designers and managers working on the development of UCAVs for use in the SEAD mission; and (3) to develop interfaces for UCAVs. These goals are tightly coupled in that the usefulness of the database and the ability to develop effective interfaces and user-aiding concepts will be the true test of the CSE framework. The report is most relevant to the second goal. It provides a CSE framework for interpreting and organizing data generated from cognitive task analyses of the SEAD mission. The CSE framework is unique in that it develops a holistic approach to human-socio-technical systems. It explicitly considers factors in design analysis that go beyond the technology boundaries of a system to reveal important constraints for proper consideration in the process of synthesizing a design concept. The report illustrates initial benefits of this form of system analysis. This page intentionally left blank.
SUBJECT TERMSu PREFACE This project evolved from a desire to produce an integrated "living" data base that could be used to support decision makers throughout the life cycle of a complex military system. It represents a first step in achieving this goal. The underlying belief is that the quality of design and operational decisions will improve in relation to one's ability to discern and understand the underlying constraints of the work domain in which the system will operate. Constraints come in many forms and from many different sources: physical, physiological, organizational, social, political. Many constraints evolve and change over time as a system is conceived, designed, and fielded; hence the need for a living data base. We believe decision makers need a common foundation from which they can be guided by essential constraints while they make decisions that impose new constraints in system design and use. We speculate that essential constraints are closely connected to the nature of the work and the environmental context in which it is accomplished. However, it is a difficult task to discern and separate "essential" constraints from incidental ones. It is not easy to determine if a constraint is a consequence of old technology, a characteristic of the job problem, or based on a multitude of socio-technical interactions. It is not easy to discover universal principles that can be used to establish primacy among constraints. The research summ...
This paper presents the methodology and supporting rationale for the investigation of operator workload in the context of an enhancement to an existing weapon system. The methodology is applicable early in the conceptual design process and forms the baseline data from which final design validation may be developed. The Subjective Workload Assessment Technique (SWAT), used projectively, forms the kernel of the methodology. A strategy for building part-task through full-mission simulations, at increasing levels of face and content validity, is presented in the context of the weapon system development process.
Digital image processing system capabilities and methods offer the experimentalist creative opportunities for exercising precise control over image quality and content parameters in the creation of visual stimuli. The Human Engineering Division of the Air Force Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory (AFAMRL) has established the Visual Image Processing, Enhancement, and Reconstruction (VIPER) facility to identify, develop, and apply digital image processing techniques against a variety of Air Force research objectives. This paper describes the VIPER facility and explores several current and planned areas of application.
The objective of this research was to demonstrate the validity of signal detection theory to the assessment (visual discrimination) of displayed color symbology. The area of application of the research results is in the design specification of color coded symbology to be overlayed on moving map, situational awareness displays. A symbol detection experiment was designed to determine how far apart, in CIE/UCS color space, symbol and background color must be in order for observers to detect that a symbol is present against the background. Six trained observers viewed a number of systematically varied symbol/background color combinations and were required to make one of six responses along a continuum from “symbol definitely present” to “symbol definitely not present”. The analyses of the d' and Beta signal detection measures yielded different patterns of results, suggesting that this paradigm was successful in separating the cognitive and sensory/perceptual factors associated with color-on-color target detection. In addition, the shape of the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves indicated that the assumptions underlying the signal detection paradigm were met.
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