When two spatially intermingled sets of random dots move in different directions, the direction of each set may be misperceived. Observers report that each set of dots appears to move in a direction displaced by as much as 20 degrees from the direction of its companion set. Probably the result of inhibitory interactions, this mutual repulsion occurs at a central site in the visual system and may normally enhance discrimination of direction.
The report describes a field study designed to measure soldier performance of land navigation and other mission tasks using current navigational equipment and to compare these data with performance using navigational information integrated on a helmet-mounted display (HMD). Measures of stress, cognitive performance, and workload were also obtained. The results indicated that the soldiers traveled less distance between waypoints and experienced lower levels of mental workload using information presented on the HMD than they did using current navigational equipment. As might be expected, differences in time between manual and automatic map updates were significant, but no differences were found between current equipment and the HMD condition in object detection, determination of magnetic azimuth, or call for fire tasks. Differences between conditions in levels of stress and cognitive performance were not significant. Thanks to those at the Human Research and Engineering Directorate (HRED) of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory, particularly Jack Waugh for his assistance in defining the paths and object positions, to Mike Kosinski for the construction of the protractors with which our soldiers so accurately plotted coordinates, and to Dennis Hash and Nickey Keenan for their support in all phases and facets of this investigation. We would also like to express our appreciation to SFC Bobby King who assisted as pilot subject, trainer, and lane walker, and to SSG Brian James for the valuable extra set of hands he provided during training and testing. Last but never least, we are particularly grateful to the soldiers who participated in this investigation. We thank them for their enthusiasm, dedication, and opinions, and particularly their patience and sense of humor.
The effectiveness of ego-centered (mving map) and earth-centered (mving plane) displays was studied with subjects monitoring an animated aircraft situational awareness display. Other independent variables were subject experience (aircrew vs non-aircrew) and path complexity (straight vs turning).Periodically, the display blanked and probe questions were asked concerning the relationship of the aircraft to the simulated world. Questions included judgements about angles, distances, time and terrain. Simple paths elicited a 28 percent lower error rate than did complex paths. Wving map displays had a 32 percent lower error rate than moving plane displays. No other significant effects were observed.Subjective ratings by subjects after the experiment revealed unanimus preference for the moving plane display and that the moving plane condition was believed to be easier1 This contradiction indicates subjective data is limited in determining display effectiveness.
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)This Space Review Study was conducted to ascertain the state-of-the-art in ground-based satellite control, estimate the impact of human error on satellite operations, review existing research in satellite control, and recommend a human engineering research and development program to reduce error and correct deficiencies. The Study found that much of contemporary satellite control uses legacy computer systems and display information in text format, while controlling using the command line interface. Later systems use windows and graphical user interface technology, which is only a small increment in functionality. The existing literature on satellite control is sparse because of the classified nature of many systems-reluctance to permit studies and/or data collection, or because of a reluctance to advertise error. The proposed human engineering research and development program advocates cognitive engineering of displays and control, modeling for design, testing and training, real-time satellite operations, intelligent agents and/or aiding, monitoring on-board automation, creation of an operator error data base, and extending display and control guidelines. Further, three different ways are described to facilitate the laboratory space program: collaborative partners, a common satellite model, and a shared research facility. There appears to be sufficient justification for a human engineering program addressing ground control of space operations. This research and development program will result in significant improvement in operational effectiveness, reduced manpower requirements, and savings in training costs.
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