Situational Awareness in Map Displays

The United States Air Force Red Flag exercise is the premier combat flight training experience for fighter pilots. We created and evaluated a computer system for replay of Red Flag air-to-air combat training data with alternative display systems. Air combat data could either be displayed on a console display system (CDS) which mimicked existing replay displays or in a headmounted display (HMD).The eflectiveness of replaying air combat data using these two displays was compared in a humanperformance experiment, with USAFJighter pilots as the subjects. Quantitative and qualitative data about display performance and preference were collected from the pilots who used each display to review mission replays. Although there was no statistically significant d@erence between the subject performance when using familiar CDS or the new HMD, there was a trend favoring the HMD. Red FlagRed Flag exercises held at Nellis Air Force Base NV provide some of the most challenging and beneficial training available for USAF tighter pilots. Several times a year, fighter squadrons from bases around the world participate in these exercises, where visiting combatready pilots take on the role of the Blue Force (US and allies) and fly against resident Red Force trained to mimic enemy tactics.An instrumented range north of Nellis AFB, NV provides detailed information about each aircraft in a Red Flag exercise. The Red Flag Measurement and Debriefing System (RFMDS) is collective name for the aircraft tracking and recording network and its debrief system for training feedback. Recorded missions can be replayed for critique to single ah-crews on a CDS or to an entire strike package's crews on large screen displays.As the air combat takes place over the desert range, RFMDS records position, speed and weapons firings data of the participating aircraft. Up to 36 aircraft can be equipped with advanced electronics pods and take on the role of the high-activity aircraft. For these aircraft, flight information is transmitted 10 times per second to telemetry recording stations. Participants simulate weapons fuing with the success calculated in real-time and the consequences radioed to participants.As flight information is transmitted to ground stations on the range and eventually relayed back to the main Red Flag building, it is displayed in real-time to safety monitors and recorded onto magnetic tape. After a oneto two-hour training mission, the aircraft recover back at Nellis. The aircrews gather in a large auditorium, and the mission commander conducts a debrief of all aspects of the mission. The mission commander relies on RFMDS to depict the actions taken by aircraft on both sides, and he can selectively review Blue and Red Force performance with resolution down to single aircraft. Evaluation of the participants' actions is often extremely frank and harsh; pilots are deadly serious about their performance.

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“…Performance was uneven, as subjects apparently did not maintain numeric information or could not report it effectively [5].…”

Section: Experimental Variables and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design and evaluation of an air-to-air combat debriefing system using a head-mounted display

Amburn

Marshak

1996

Proceedings of the IEEE 1996 Virtual Reality Annual International Symposium

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“…This is particularly the case in teleremote operations, as operator SA must be derived from a combination of the environment and integrated system's displays, and then interpreted by the operator at afforded instances and in short intervals [14]. Here, sufficient information must be provided through a remote interface so as to compensate for cues once perceived directly [21], an unfortunate scenario commonly found deficient. The collection of whatever information presented is assumed a subset of that derived from the environment and internal system parameters, however only a portion may be displayed via existing (visual) interfaces.…”

Section: Acquiring Situation Awarenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Maze hypothesis development in assessing robot performance during teleoperation

Schipani¹,

Messina²

2007

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“…• o and subjects are queried as to their perceptions of the situation at that time (Endsley, 1987(Endsley, ,1988aMarshak, Kuperman, Ramsey, and Wilson, 1987). With this technique the system displays are blanked and the simulation is suspended while subjects quickly answer questions about their current perceptions of the situation.…”

Section: Designate Aircrafrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subject perceptions are then compared to the real situation based on simulation computer data bases to provide an objective measure of SA. In a study evaluating competing aircraft display concepts, Marshak, et al (1987) queried 0 subjects about navigation, threats and topography using this technique. The resulting answers were converted to an absolute percent error score for each question, allowing scores across displays to be compared along these dimensions.…”

Section: Designate Aircrafrsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The practice of freezing a simulation in order to assess SA has been employed in studies by Fraker (1988);Fraker (1989); and Marshak, Kuperman, Ramsey, and Wilson (1987). objected to this kind of approach because "these studies changed or even eliminated the phenomenon of interest, and therefore did not provide data about the natural character and occurrence of situation awareness" (p. 54).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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