Bees are key pollinators whose population numbers are declining, in part, owing to the effects of different stressors such as insecticides and fungicides. We have analysed the susceptibility of the Africanized honeybee, Apis mellifera, and the stingless bee, Partamona helleri, to commercial formulations of the insecticides deltamethrin and imidacloprid. The toxicity of fungicides based on thiophanate-methyl and chlorothalonil were investigated individually and in combination, and with the insecticides. Results showed that stingless bees were more susceptible to insecticides than honeybees. The commercial fungicides thiophanate-methyl or chlorothalonil caused low mortality, regardless of concentration; however, their combination was as toxic as imidacloprid to both species, and over 400-fold more toxic than deltamethrin for A. mellifera. There were highly synergistic effects on mortality caused by interactions in the mixture of imidacloprid and the fungicides thiophanate-methyl, chlorothalonil and the combined fungicide formulation in A. mellifera, and also to a lesser extent in P. helleri. By contrast, mixtures of the deltamethrin and the combined fungicide formulation induced high synergy in P. helleri, but had little effect on the mortality of A. mellifera. Differences in physiology and modes of action of agrochemicals are discussed as key factors underlying the differences in susceptibility to agrochemicals.

Resumo Este artigo objetiva apresentar o modelo de gestão que embasa a política educacional paulista de 1995 a 2014, reconstruindo, para tanto, a lógica que sustenta e entrelaça os principais programas, projetos e ações implementados no período. A partir de análise bibliográfica e documental, verificou-se que, nesse período, os eixos racionalização organizacional, mudança nos padrões de gestão e melhoria na qualidade do ensino, mantiveram-se como base da reforma educacional no Estado. Sob essa configuração, o material analisado revela que tal processo sustenta-se num modelo gerencialista e de racionamento da educação e, por conseguinte, da própria qualidade do ensino.

The backswimmer Buenoa tarsalis (Hemiptera: Notonectidae) is a naturally occurring predator of immature stages of mosquitoes. These aquatic predators can suffer from non-targeted exposure to insecticides that are commonly used in aquatic environments to control mosquitoes. Here, we evaluated whether insecticide formulations containing the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bt) or the organophosphate pirimiphos-methyl would affect the survival and the predatory abilities of B. tarsalis. First, we conducted survival bioassays to estimate the median survival time (LT) of B. tarsalis when exposed to Bt-based insecticide (at 0.25 and 25 mg a.i./L) and pirimiphos-methyl (at 1, 10 and 1000 mg a.i./L). The highest concentrations of the insecticides were equivalent to the label-recommended field rates. Second, the predatory abilities of B. tarsalis exposed to insecticides were evaluated at three prey densities (3, 6 and 9 mosquito larvae/100 mL water) just after insecticide exposure or after a 24 h recovery time. While the survival of B. tarsalis was significantly reduced with pirimiphos-methyl concentrations ≥10 mg a.i./L, the Bt-exposed predators exhibited similar survival as unexposed predators. Interestingly, after a recovery time of 24 h, B. tarsalis sublethally exposed to pirimiphos-methyl or Bt-based insecticide consistently killed more A. aegypti larvae (at the intermediate density) than unexposed predators. However, for the without-recovery bioassays, the pirimiphos-methyl-exposed predators exhibited reduced predatory abilities at the lowest prey density. Because they do not reduce the survival or the predatory abilities of B. tarsalis, Bt-based insecticides can be considered a safe insecticide to use in the presence of backswimmers.

Freshwater ecosystems provide environmental conditions for many arthropod species, including pests like mosquitoes and beneficial insects. Giant water bugs, Belostoma anurum (Hemiptera: Belostomatidae), are aquatic insects that provide biological control of mosquitoes and small vertebrates in freshwater environments. However, the application of insecticides aiming to control mosquitoes can lead to insecticide exposures of aquatic predators that can result in their death or significant reductions in their behavioral abilities. Here, we assessed the susceptibilities of B. anurum to the pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin and evaluated whether sublethal exposure to deltamethrin would change the abilities of B. anurum to prey upon larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). Bioassays of predator performance were conducted at three prey densities (i.e., 3, 6 and 9 larvae/100 mL of water) just after insecticide exposure and on the three following days. Our results revealed that B. anurum (LC = 90.9 μg a. i./L) was approximately 32-fold less susceptible to deltamethrin than A. aegypti larvae (LC = 2.8 μg a. i./L). However, the number of larvae eaten by B. anurum sublethally exposed to deltamethrin (at 13 μg a. i./L for 24 h) was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller than that recorded for unexposed predators. Furthermore, the deltamethrin-mediated behavioral changes were higher at the highest availability of prey and, as expected, just after insecticide exposure. Thus, sublethal exposure to deltamethrin reduces the ability of B. anurum to capture and prey upon A. aegypti larvae, compromising the efficacy of these insects as naturally occurring mosquito control agents.

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O objetivo desse trabalho é realizar uma investigação introdutória e comparativa entre o FUNDEF e o FUNDEB, por meio de análise documental e bibliográfica, sinalizando semelhanças e diferenças fundamentais entre suas inerentes políticas de valorização docente. Tal pesquisa verificou que, apesar de na sigla “FUNDEF” ficar sugerida uma ideia de valorização do grupo dos profissionais da educação (o magistério), em suas regulamentações e orientações, o MEC explicitou uma concepção de valorização individualizante, cuja prática pautar-se-ia na associação entre valorização e mérito. O objetivo central seria possibilitar aos estados e municípios um mecanismo de estímulo externo constante para que o sujeitoprofessor (desvalorizado pelo contexto mais amplo) se tornasse ou continuasse produtivo, garantindo o funcionamento eficiente do ensino. Atualmente com o FUNDEB, vê-se definir uma valorização legal que avançou no sentido de induzir o estabelecimento de um Piso Salarial Nacional, melhoria no funcionamento dos Conselhos locais, verbas para “capacitação” docente desvinculadas das verbas voltadas para a sua remuneração etc. Contudo, ainda predomina a ideia de se “capacitar” professores sem se fazer amplos investimentos - utilizando-se da modalidade a distância como estratégia principal -, e de meritocracia como estratégia para as ações de valorização docente, parecendo manter-se o pressuposto de que o professor ainda é responsável principal pelos problemas de qualidade do ensino brasileiro.

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<p><strong>Resumo: </strong>Com base no materialismo histórico-dialético, este artigo discute o tema “valorização da escola e do professor”, realizando apontamentos conceituais para subsidiar a avaliação de políticas educacionais sobre o tema. Acena para o fato de que, para se avaliar políticas que caminham nessa direção, há que se buscar os fundamentos que as sustentam, ou seja, o tipo de “valor” que está em jogo, e suas implicações práticas para a concretização da valorização proposta no referido contexto social.</p><p> </p>