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In Type 2 diabetes, in the case of hyposalivation, a therapy with immunologically active saliva substitutes can be of help in reducing the amount of plaque, gingivitis and positive yeast counts.

Background: Recently new aspects of the immunopathology of Chagas disease have been described in patients infected with HIV and unusual clinical manifestations such as cutaneous lesions, involvement of central nervous system and/or serious cardiac lesions related to the reactivation of the parasite have been reported. Two uncloned Trypanosoma cruzi strains previously isolated from chronic chagasic patients with HIV co-infection were studied in order to evaluate the impact of the immunosuppression on the genetic diversity of the parasite.

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A fatal case of brainstem encephalitis presented as an acute lateral medullary syndrome. Pathologic examination showed a focal encephalitis along the roots and the intramedullary portion of the right vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. Herpesvirus particles were demonstrated by electronmicroscopy of formol-fixed material. This is the second known case of herpetic brainstem encephalitis confirmed by postmortem examination and the only one in which the infection was limited to the brainstem. This case and a review of previously reported cases suggest that the viral infection could proceed to the brainstem through the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, probably from a source of latent herpetic infection in the respective ganglia.

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