and background absorption than that done in the first near-infrared window (NIR-I, 650-950 nm). [1] Therefore, the development of theranostic agents in NIR-II region has become something of a research hotspot. [1a,2] Recently, there is an ever-increasing number of papers describing the modification of gold nanomaterials for NIR-II photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) owing to its unique plasmonic, acoustic, and electric properties, as well as multifunctionality endowed by its various dimensions and morphologies. [1c,e,3] Furthermore, its excellent biosafety surpasses the limits of most inorganic nanomaterials. [4] Currently, there are few methods that shift the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) peak of gold nanomaterials from NIR-I to NIR-II region. [2a,5] For instance, some gold nanorods (GNRs) with superhigh aspect ratios or GNRs with extremely thin shells have been reported. [6] However, most of them still bear poor photostability. In fact, tailoring the morphology is not the only method to obtain a redshift in the absorbance of gold nanomaterials. Substances coated to the surface of GNRs can also cause absorbance red or blueshifts. For example, Wu et al. found that a layer of Cu 2 O could cause absorbance redshift of GNRs from 600 to 800 nm. [7] Yeh et al. developed a rattle-like structure with a GNR encapsulated in a cavity of AuAg nanoshell to achieve a broad absorbance band span 300-1350 nm. [2a] However, most metal oxides suffer from biotoxicity and not responsive to tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the development of biocompatible and stimuli-responsive coatings for plasmonic modulation of GNRs remains a big challenge. Manganese is one of the most commonly used metal element in cancer theranostics on account of its good biosafety and rich quantity of valence states, which allows for the design and synthesis of intelligent theranostic agents. [8] For example, manganese dioxide (MnO 2) is widely used as a catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) in tumor microenvironment and produce oxygen and hence relieves the tumor hypoxia and reduces tumor resistance to radio-or chemotherapy. [9] Recently, it was reported that MnO 2 could decrease glutathione level in Nanotheranostic agents of gold nanomaterials in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window have attracted significant attention in cancer management, owing to the reduced background signal and deeper penetration depth in tissues. However, it is still challenging to modulate the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of gold nanomaterials from the first near-infrared (NIR-I) to NIR-II region. Herein, a plasmonic modulation strategy of gold nanorods (GNRs) through manganese dioxide coating is developed for NIR-II photoacoustic/magnetic resonance (MR) duplex-imaging-guided NIR-II photothermal chemodynamic therapy. GNRs are coated with silica dioxide (SiO 2) and then covered with magnesium dioxide (MnO 2) to obtain the final product of GNR@SiO 2 @MnO 2 (denoted as GSM). The LSPR peak of GNRs could be tuned by adjust...

Being a zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterial of the carbon family, graphene quantum dots (GQDs) showed promising biomedical applications owing to their ultra-small size, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, excellent photo stability, tunable fluorescence, and water solubility, etc., thus capturing a considerable attention in biomedical field. This review summarizes the recent advances made in the research field of GQDs and place special emphasis on their bioimaging applications. We briefly introduce the synthesis strategies of GQDs, including top-down and bottom-up strategies. The bioimaging applications of GQDs are also discussed in detail, including optical [fluorescence (FL)], two-photon FL, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and dual-modal imaging. In the end, the challenges and future prospects to advance the clinical bioimaging applications of GQDs have also been addressed.

Colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC), in which chronic inflammation is a well-recognized carcinogen, requires concurrent anti-inflammation and antitumor treatments in the clinic. Herein, we report polyethylene glycol (PEG)-coated (PEGylated) ultrasmall rhodium nanodots (Rh-PEG NDs) can serve as a metallic nanozyme with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) scavenging properties as well as photothermal activities for anti-inflammation and antitumor theranostics in colon diseases. Benefiting from multienzyme activities against RONS, Rh-PEG NDs can decrease the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6), resulting in good anti-inflammatory effect on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. By virtue of high photothermal conversion efficiency (48.9%), Rh-PEG NDs demonstrate complete ablation of CT-26 colon tumor without any recurrence. Most importantly, Rh-PEG NDs exhibit good biocompatibility both at the cellular and animal levels. Our findings provide a paradigm to utilize metallic nanozymes for the potential management of colon diseases.

Simultaneous photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) can reduce the risks of drug leakage, body burden, and preparation complexity in traditional combination PDT/PTT. Here, a versatile nanoporphyrin (Pp18‐lipos) self‐assembled from lipid–purpurin 18 conjugates (Pp18‐lipids) and pure lipids is presented. The as‐prepared Pp18‐lipos with 2 mol% Pp18‐lipids can perform effective PDT and fluorescence imaging. The Pp18‐lipos with 65 mol% Pp18 can perform potent PTT and photoacoustic imaging. The chelation of Mn2+ endows the Pp18‐lipids‐Mn2+ a high T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging contrast. Notably, pretreatment of low‐dose PDT facilitates the endocytosis and tumor accumulation of Pp18‐lipos, thus achieving synergistic PDT/PTT. Upon exposure to a single 705 nm‐laser, the combination of PDT/PTT achieves a significantly higher tumor growth inhibition rate than PDT or PTT alone. In addition, it is found that the synergistic PDT/PTT triggers more potent anti‐tumor immune response including tumor infiltration of immune cells and release of related cytokines.

The substitution of screen time or academic-related activities with other sedentary behaviors or MVPA was associated with lower BMI in Chinese children.

PEGylated rhenium nanoclusters were developed as a degradable and renal-clearable metallic photothermal nanoagent for CT imaging and tumor therapy.

No abstract

Inorganic nanomaterials with intrinsic singlet oxygen (1O2) generation capacity, are emerged yet dynamically developing materials as nano‐photosensitizers (NPSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT). Compared to previously reported nanomaterials that have been used as either carriers to load organic PSs or energy donors to excite the attached organic PSs through a Foster resonance energy transfer process, these NPSs possess intrinsic 1O2 generation capacity with extremely high 1O2 quantum yield (e.g., 1.56, 1.3, 1.26, and 1.09) than any classical organic PS reported to date, and thus are facilitating to make a revolution in PDT. In this review, the recent advances in the development of various inorganic nanomaterials as NPSs, including metal‐based (gold, silver, and tungsten), metal oxide‐based (titanium dioxide, tungsten oxide, and bismuth oxyhalide), metal sulfide‐based (copper and molybdenum sulfide), carbon‐based (graphene, fullerene, and graphitic carbon nitride), phosphorus‐based, and others (hybrids and MXenes‐based NPSs) are summarized, with an emphasis on the design principle and 1O2 generation mechanism, and the photodynamic therapeutic performance against different types of cancers. Finally, the current challenges and an outlook of future research are also discussed. This review may provide a comprehensive account capable of explaining recent progress as well as future research of this emerging paradigm.