The
two-fold threats of the crisis of petrochemical industry-based
plastics and serious environmental pollution have triggered the valorization
of naturally occurring biopolymers to produce nanocellulose (NC).
Nanocellulose has been used extensively in a variety of demanding
applications due to its excellent features including biocompatibility,
light weight, tunable surface properties, and improved environmental
footprint. However, the sustainable production of NC is still confronted
with bottlenecks to realize commercial feasibility due to poor solubility
and hard processability of biopolymers using conventional hazardous
solvents and reagents including concentrated sulfuric acid. The key
might rest on the use of ionic liquids (ILs) that have induced a great
deal of interest in recent years as powerful “green”
solvents for biopolymer processing. ILs can be used as a catalyst
and/or reaction medium and/or swelling agent for NC production with
an eminent yield of high-quality NC under mild operating conditions
coupled with proficient recoverability and recyclability. This review
presents the recent technological developments of ILs-assisted proper
valorization strategies of numerous bioresources for NC isolation
and modification. The impact of IL cation/anion on structural changes
of NC is also covered. The major advances in exploring ILs for NC
surface modification reactions such as esterification, silylation,
and surface plasticization as well as the microscopic insights of
NC interaction with ILs are also reviewed. In view of the dominance
of green chemistry principles for high purity of the recovered nanocellulose,
close R&D endeavors for cheap and biodegradable ILs conjoined
with emerging recycling techniques might boost sustainable commercialization.
Nanocellulose (NC) has generated interest from the scientific community because of their biodegradability, and unique physiochemical characteristics. In this study, ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim][HSO4] combined with high ultrasonication is used to prepare NC from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The investigation by atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed that the obtained NC had a rod-like shape with average particle diameter and length of 0.77±0.28μm, 2.11±0.65mμ respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) characterization exhibited that the prepared NC maintained the cellulose type I structure and the recovered IL (97%) composition remained intact as the pure IL. Therefore, it is expected to develop a green approach to produce nanocellulose with high quality using ILs.
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