Erratic bit phenomena have been reported in advanced flash memories, and have been attributed to trapping/detrapping effects that modify the threshold voltage. This paper describes for the first time the observance of erratic behavior in SRAM Vmin, defined as the minimum voltage at which the SRAM array is functional. Random telegraph signal (RTS) noise in the soft breakdown gate leakage is shown to be the cause. The erratic Vmin phenomenon can be eliminated for 90nm SRAMs by process optimization. However, erratic Vmin behavior gets worse with smaller cell sizes and represents another constraint on the scaling of SRAM cells and on the minimum operating voltage of the SRAM array.A combination of process and circuit solutions will likely be needed to enable continued SRAM cell scaling.
This paper is focused on design and application of Pseudo-Derivative Feedback (PDF) controller for Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of a two-area thermal reheat interconnected power system treated in deregulated condition. The proposed controller gains are tuned simultaneously using Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) in order to achieve the optimal transient response of the test system. The control performance of the PDF controller is compared with Proportional Integral (PI) and Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers. Further to improve the AGC performance, Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES) are included in its control area. The execution of HES unit captures the underlying fall in frequency as well as the tie line control power deviations after a sudden load unsettling influence. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed PDF controller enhance the dynamic response of the deregulated power system as compared with PI and PID contrtoller. The frequency oscillation and tie-line power deviations in the control zones are reduced and the settling time is additionally enhanced when HES unit takes an interest in the frequency regulation along with the traditional generators. Additionally, the Power System Restoration Indices (PSRI) is figured in view of system dynamic performances and the remedial measures to be taken can be decreed. These PSRI shows that the ancillary service requirement to enhances the effectiveness of physical task of the power system with the expanded transmission limit in the system. The presence of an Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES) water electrolyser coupled to a fuel cell improves significantly the control and operation of an energy system and provides good margin of stability of the grid system compared to that a system without HES unit.
This paper presents a new approach for designing a Pseudo Derivative Feed Forward (FDFF) controller for the load- frequency control of the interconnected power system comprising Thermal power system and Gas / Diesel power plants. The proposed PDFF controller is designed to improve the dynamic performance of the frequency and tie line power under a sudden load disturbance in an area with the computation of Ancillary Service Requirement Assessment Indices (ASRAI). The PDFF controller is optimized using Flower Pollination Algorithm (FPA) which is based on the quality of pollination process of flowers. The optimized PDFF controller is implemented to bring back the frequency to stable state and the net interchanges to their desired values for each control area in the shortest possible time based on the settling time and peak over shoot concept of control input deviations of each area. Simulation result reveals that the interconnected thermal power system with Gas power plant ensures a better dynamic and steady state performance than that of the system incorporated with Diesel power plant.
Photovoltaic‐powered electric transportation systems are gaining global momentum owing to their superior enactment and zero carbon emissions. With a growing number of electric vehicles (EVs) on the road, implementation of efficient and well‐organised charging stations is extremely indispensable. The authors investigate the feasibility of creating a charging station for plug‐in‐hybrid EVs at an educational institution, E.G.S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, India (10°48.2′N, 79°50.1′E). The statistics related to the solar radiations of the Nagapattinam region are employed to find out the energy availability for the EV charging station (EVCS) and the requirement for grid connection. The authors use a hybrid optimisation model for an electric renewable (HOMER) simulator to determine the optimum specification of the proposed EVCS. Also, the authors carry out a techno‐economic study against the specified load requirement to evaluate the potential of the charging station. The solar irradiance data obtained from NASA ground climatology and the solar power dataset of the designated site are used to realise the precise fallouts. The optimisation results provide minimum annual system cost and reliable power to the EVs. Based on these results, an EVCS is erected in the college campus to charge plug‐in hybrid electric vehicles. The established EVCS contains 3 kW EV charger operating as a microgrid and includes nine solar panels with 335 W each, 48 V, 150 Ah specification. The authors use solar photovoltaic (PV) panels using Copper Indium Selenide‐Zinc sulfide (CISZS) quantum dots for maximising energy yield from the EVCS. The authors consider that eight different charging profiles for different months are employed for estimating the solar irradiance probability density in the designated site. From this study, the authors can conclude that Gaussian mixer model (G4) profile is optimum for the Nagapattinam region to install a potential and reliable EVCS.
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