Autoimmune paraneoplastic processes are investigated in detail concerning the Lambert-Eaton-Myasthenic-Syndrome for bronchial carcinomas. For the cutaneous leukocytoclastic vasculitis as a non-ANCA-associated vasculitis the paraneoplastic genesis is described. Litttle is known about ANCA-associated vasculitis as a paraneoplastic autoimmune phenomenon. We present the case of a 62 year old woman referred to our hospital presenting air-space shadows mainly in both upper lobes, skin rash with petechial bleeding and a highly positive pANCA-titer. A bronchioloalveolar carcinoma was diagnosed by surgical biopsy. The patient developed renal failure postsurgically and died a few weeks after the diagnosis was established. This is the 5 (th) case in literature of the temporal concurrence of a bronchial carcinoma and an ANCA-associated vasculitis. So far only 24 cases of a solid tumor occuring simultaneously with an ANCA-positive vasculitis are reported in literature.
In a retrospective Cohort-Study, pregnancy, mode of delivery and foetal outcome were reviewed in patients over forty years of age. These data were compared with the data of patients of 20 to 30 years of age in a statistically standardised manner. The ratio of gestosis was higher in the older group, as was also the ratio of Caesarian section. However, there was no difference in the mode of delivery and foetal outcome. Maternal and foetal morbidity were the same in both groups.
This chapter focuses on the different strategies applied by different countries in combatting corruption. Countries with strong democratic institutions typically have checks and balances in place to curb corruption. The most important checks and balances are access to information, independent and effective judicial systems, freedom of the press, and active civil society. These create transparency and accountability as a result of which abuses can be identified and addressed. In countries with weaker democratic institutions, transparency and accountability are insufficient to bring abuses to the surface until they reach a high level. However, popular support for reforms will be aroused by prominent scandals. In these countries the focus should be on strengthening access to information laws, independence of the judiciary and the media, and civil society organizations. The chapter also covers autocratic governments, China, and working with Russia. It concludes with providing a perspective on long-term strategies.
This chapter focuses on what has been done to combat corruption in the private sector starting in the United States with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in 1977: the first law that criminalized foreign bribery. The OECD Convention, which internationalized the FCPA, became effective in 1999; it prohibits foreign bribery of public officials by over forty countries. The UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) became effective in 2005; it deals with domestic as well as foreign bribery, bribery of public officials as well as bribery in the private sector. Corporate responses have also evolved with anticorruption compliance programs applied by US companies now for more than three decades. This chapter covers common problem areas such as gifts, entertainment, and travel expenses; lobbyists and sales representatives; political contributions; facilitation payments; foreign subsidies and joint ventures. This chapter also covers the psychology of corrupt conduct and factors to change the corporate culture.
In the defined study period, 39/102 patients with percutaneous biliary interventions received an equally successful metal stent in a one-stage (n= 23) or two-stage (n=16) procedure. The severity of AEs was as follows: one-stage PTBS (9/23 = 39.1%): 1 (n= 1), 2 (n=3), 3 (n=1), and 4 (n=3); and two-stage PTBS (6/16 = 37.5%): 1 (n=5), 2 (n=1), 3 (n=0), and 4 (n=0). The difference in the severity of AEs was significant (p=0.0252), favoring two-stage PTBS. Overall survival in patients with one-stage PTBS (139.8 (SE +/-43.4) days) and two-stage PTBS (403.3 (SE +/-94.6) days) differed as well (p=0.0065).
Conclusion:The ASGE AE severity grading system was applied to PTBS for the first time. Two-stage PTBS might be favored over one-stage PTBS in terms of AEs.
This chapter covers the UN Convention Against Corruption’s development, politics, disputes, and resolution concerning its monitoring. The UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has worldwide membership and an extremely comprehensive scope, making it the pre-eminent instrument for combating global corruption. UNCAC covers a wide range of criminal offenses, domestic and foreign, public and private. It also provides extensive preventive measures, such as codes of conduct for public officials, rules on public procurement, management of public finances, independence of the judiciary, and prevention of money laundering. UNCAC also provides measures for international cooperation, including extradition, mutual legal assistance in investigations, prosecutions and judicial proceedings, asset recovery, and technical assistance.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.