Private Sector Response to Corruption

Abstract

This chapter focuses on what has been done to combat corruption in the private sector starting in the United States with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) in 1977: the first law that criminalized foreign bribery. The OECD Convention, which internationalized the FCPA, became effective in 1999; it prohibits foreign bribery of public officials by over forty countries. The UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) became effective in 2005; it deals with domestic as well as foreign bribery, bribery of public officials as well as bribery in the private sector. Corporate responses have also evolved with anticorruption compliance programs applied by US companies now for more than three decades. This chapter covers common problem areas such as gifts, entertainment, and travel expenses; lobbyists and sales representatives; political contributions; facilitation payments; foreign subsidies and joint ventures. This chapter also covers the psychology of corrupt conduct and factors to change the corporate culture.

Self-Focussing of an Intense X-Ray Beam in Vacuum

“…Data sheet for LCLS-II as well as the European XFEL. As these parameters typically vary over a certain range we choose to display typical values within this range[54,55]. Both facilities have reached several mJ of pulse energy at photon energies of ∼ 10 keV and anticipate about 1 − 2 mJ at 20 keV[54,55].…”