A total of 58 strains belonging to phylogenetically assigned or unassigned species of the class Proteobacteria, which are mostly phytopathogenic or might interact with plants, were analyzed for polyamines. The strains of the genus Xanthomonas contained spermidine as the main polyamine. Putrescine was the main polyamine of phytopathogenic strains belonging to the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex, which represents the phylogenetically defined nucleus of the genus Pseudomonas. The genera Azotobacter and Azomonas, which include free-living diazotrophic bacteria that also belong to the P. fluorescens complex, had a polyamine pattern like that of the strains belonging to the P. jluorescens complex. Xylophilus ampelinus (formerly called Xanthomonas ampelina) and unassigned phytopathogenic pseudomonads phylogenetically allocated to the beta subclass of the Proteobacteria contained 2-hydroxyputrescine, the specific polyamine of this subclass. The main polyamine in Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium, and Phyllobacterium strains and misnamed pseudomonads belonging to the alpha subclass of the Proteobacteria was sym-homospermidine, which was also present in "Azotomonas fluorescens."The status of the genus Xanthomonas has been controversial for decades (7, 20
Polyphosphate-accumulating gram-negative bacteria were isolated from different anaerobic-aerobic activated sludge systems with diverse processes for enhanced biological phosphorus (P) elimination. Of 22 isolates, 10 were allocated to the genus Acinetobacter by using multiple-test systems and soluble protein and polyamine patterns. As diaminopropane (DAP) appears to be the characteristic main polyamine compound produced by Acinetobacter spp., it was used as a biomarker for the genus. The high DAP contents of representative samples from municipal wastes with enhanced biological P elimination indicated that Acinetobacter spp. can be dominant organisms in sewage treatment plants with low organic loading and nitrification and denitrification steps. Contrary to accepted opinion, sludge from treatment plants with efficient P removal and high organic loading had a low DAP content, indicating that bacteria other than Acinetobacter spp. are responsible for enhanced biological P elimination in these plants.
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