Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das árvores de pau-branco (Cordia oncocalyx) sobre parâmetros fisiológicos, altura e biomassa do milho, em diferentes distâncias das árvores, em sistema agrossilvipastoril. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos (distâncias do caule das árvores de 1, 2, 3 e 4 m), além do controle (plantas do cultivo tradicional), e cinco repetições. Cada parcela consistiu de uma árvore de pau-branco, ao centro, e linhas de milho plantadas nas quatro distâncias avaliadas do caule. As medidas fisiológicas e a produção de matéria seca foram registradas aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após o semeio do milho. As plantas sob a copa do pau-branco, a 1 e 2 m do caule, tiveram suas trocas gasosas, altura e produção de matéria seca afetadas pelas árvores. As plantas cultivadas a 3 m do caule tiveram desempenho semelhante ao observado no cultivo tradicional, e as cultivadas a 4 m apresentaram maior fotossíntese, condutância estomática, transpiração, altura e produção de matéria seca. As plantas de milho sob a copa são afetadas negativamente pelo sombreamento das árvores, enquanto as plantas fora da copa podem se beneficiar da presença das árvores no sistema.Termos para indexação: Cordia oncocalyx, Zea mays, agrossilvicultura, cultivo consorciado, integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta, sistemas agroflorestais. Development of maize under influence of "pau-branco" trees in an agrosilvopastoral systemAbstract -The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of "pau-branco" (Cordia oncocalyx) trees on physiological parameters, height, and biomass of maize at different distances from the trees in an agrosilvipastoral system. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with four treatments (distances from trees of 1, 2, 3, and 4 m), besides a control (plants cultivated in the traditional system), and five replicates. The plots consisted of one "pau-branco" tree at the center, and maize rows planted at the four evaluated distances from the tree stem. Physiological measurements and dry matter production were recorded at 30, 60, and 90 days after the sowing of maize. The plants under the canopy of "pau-branco" -at 1 and 2 m from the stem -had their gas exchange, height, and dry matter production affected by the trees. The plants 3 m away from the stem had similar performance to those in the traditional system, and the plants at 4 m of distance had higher photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration, height, and dry mass production. Maize plants under the canopy are negatively affected by tree shading, whereas plants outside the canopy can be favored by the presence of trees in the system.

RESUMO -O experimento foi conduzido para determinar as frações que compõem os carboidratos da silagem de capimelefante emurchecido ou acrescida de farelo de cacau. O capim-elefante utilizado foi colhido aos 50 dias de rebrota após o corte de uniformização e submetido aos seguintes tratamentos: capim-elefante emurchecido ao sol por oito horas e capim-elefante não-emurchecido acrescido de 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de farelo de cacau (% da matéria natural). O material foi acondicionado em silos de PVC com capacidade para 5,3 L, que foram abertos após 45 dias. A silagem de capim emurchecido apresentou teor de carboidratos totais (CT) semelhante ao daquelas com 14 e 21% de farelo de cacau. A análise de regressão detectou redução linear desta fração nas silagens com farelo de cacau. Para todas as frações de carboidratos estimadas, a silagem de capim emurchecido apresentou valores semelhantes ao daquela com capim sem emurchecimento. As frações dos carboidratos totais das silagens foram influenciadas pela adição de farelo de cacau, de modo que os teores de A+B1 e FDNi aumentaram e os de B2 diminuíram com a inclusão de farelo de cacau.Palavras-chave: conservação de forragens, forrageira, Pennisetum purpureum, subproduto, Theobroma cacao L. Carbohydrate fractioning of elephantgrass silage wilted or enriched with cocoa mealABSTRACT -The experiment was carried out to determine the carbohydrate fractions of elephantgrass silage wilted under the sun for eight hours. Other treatments included the same elephantgrass without wilting but with addition of 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal at the ensiling process. The PVC silos used in the experiment had 5.3 L of capacity, and they were opened 45 days after ensiling. The wilted treatment showed total carbohydrate (TC) concentration similar to treatments with 14 and 21% cocoa meal. The regression analysis detected linear reduction of this fraction with the addition of cocoa meal. For all carbohydrate estimated fractions, the wilted treatment showed similar values to the treatment without wilting. The silage TC fractions were altered by cocoa meal addictions, presenting high concentration of A+B1, and NDFi, and low concentration of B2 with increasing cocoa meal level.

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the energy levels in the diet of ewes in the last third of gestation and lactation on body measurements and weights of lambs from birth to weaning. As secondary objectives were also evaluated the effects of year of birth, sex of the lamb, type of birth and age of the ewe at lambing on the same characteristics. Forty-five Santa Inês lambs were evaluated. They were born from 40 ewes distributed randomly to three treatments: 2.0, 2.2 and 2.4 Mcal of metabolizable energy/kg of dry matter). Ewes were subjected to the experimental diets during the last third of gestation and lactation. Lambs were kept with their mothers until weaning, which occurred at 70 days. Feeding energy level did not affect traits measured on the lambs at birth. Regression analysis showed a linear increasing in all traits at weaning and in average daily gain until weaning as the energy level increased. Male lambs were heavier at birth and at weaning. All morphometric measurements performed were similar between males and females, except for thoracic perimeter at 70 days, which was higher in male lambs. Single lambs were larger and heavier than twin lambs. Lambs born from ewes of intermediate age (4 and 6 teeth) showed higher means for average daily weight gain. Among morphometric measurements, thoracic perimeter showed the best correlation to body weight at birth and at weaning. Besides the nutrition of the ewe, it is important to consider other environmental factors that affect animal's growth characteristics by acting on the expression of genetic potential.

RESUMOO experimento foi realizado para avaliar as características fermentativas da silagem de capim-elefante emurchecido ou adicionado de diferentes níveis de farelo de cacau. O capim-elefante utilizado foi colhido aos 50 dias de rebrota após o corte de uniformização e submetido aos seguintes tratamentos na ensilagem: capimelefante emurchecido ao sol por oito horas e capim-elefante sem emurchecimento adicionado de 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de farelo de cacau (% da matéria natural). Foram utilizadas quatro repetições por tratamento. O material foi acondicionado em silos de PVC com 0,15m de diâmetro e 0,3m de altura, adotando-se compactação de 500kg/m 3 . O pH reduziu e os carboidratos solúveis (CHO S ) aumentaram de forma linear (P<0,05) com a adição de farelo de cacau. O teor de N-NH 3 aumentou com a adição de farelo de cacau na ensilagem, contudo, os teores dos ácidos orgânicos não diferiram entre a silagem com farelo de cacau e aquela com capim-elefante emurchecido. A inclusão de 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28% de farelo de cacau provocou aumentos de 2,23; 2,48; 3,14; 3,49 e 3,47% no teor de ácido lático, respectivamente. A qualidade fermentativa da silagem de capim-elefante melhorou com a adição de farelo de cacau.Palavras-chave: forrageira, Pennisetum purpureum, subproduto, Theobroma cacao, fermentação, ácido orgânico ABSTRACTThe experiment was carried out to evaluate the fermentation characteristics of eight hours sun light wilted elephant grass silage in comparison to no sun light exposed silage added by 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28% of cocoa meal caused an increase of 2.23, 2.48, 3.14, 3.49, and 3.87% of lactic acid contents. Addition of cocoa meal during the ensilage process enhanced fermentation quality of elephantgrass silage.

RESUMO -O experimento foi realizado para avaliar os efeitos da adição de ureia e de dois períodos de armazenamento sobre o valor nutritivo e o perfil de fermentação de silagens de sorgo. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro doses de ureia (0; 2,5; 5,0 e 7,5% com base na MS) e dois períodos de armazenamento (30 e 60 dias), cada um com quatro repetições. Foram usados silos de PVC com 50 cm de altura e 10 cm de diâmetro para a ensilagem de sorgo. Palavras-chave: amonização, forrageira, perfil de fermentação, valor nutritivo Sorghum forage ensilage with addition of urea in two storage periods ABSTRACT -The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of urea addition and two storage periods on the nutritive value and fermentation profile of sorghum silage. A randomized complete design was used, in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement, with urea doses (0; 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5% in DM) and two storage periods (30 and 60 days). The PVC silos, 50 cm high and 10 cm in diameter, were used to ensilage the sorghum. Urea doses had a quadratic effect on the DM content and positive linear effect on CP, NDIP and IVDMD, but storage periods had no effect on these variables, except on NDIP with greatest value was obtained at 60 days storage. Urea doses had a negative linear effect on NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin. The values for NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin there were greater at 60 days of storage than at 30 days. The fermentation profile analysis showed that there was urea doses × storage period interaction on pH only. Urea doses had quadratic effect on ammonial nitrogen (N-NH 3 ) and positive linear effect on pH value. The greatest values for N-NH 3 were observed at 60 days of storage as for pH in the zero urea dose. Adding urea addition to sorghum ensilage can increase the nutritive value of the silage without damaging theui fermentation profile.Key Words: ammoniation, fermentation profile, nutritive value, roughage IntroduçãoO sorgo forrageiro é uma das plantas mais indicadas para produção de silagem, por apresentar elevado rendimento e características que favorecem o perfil de fermentação desejável, como adequados teores de matéria seca (MS) e de substratos fermentescíveis, além de baixo poder tampão.Aditivos nutrientes, como a ureia (Woolford, 1984), têm sido utilizados na ensilagem, uma vez que a amônia liberada pela hidrólise da ureia pode alterar o perfil de fermentação da silagem e reduziu as perdas de nutrientes, além de ter efeito benéfico sobre a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade da silagem, com consequente potencial para melhoria do valor nutritivo do produto final. Contudo, R. Bras.

Physiological differences in the Cordia oncocalyx tree growing at different densities in two distinct areas were investigated.An agrosilvopastoral system (AGP) and a secondary forest (SF) were studied. Under both types of land-use, C. oncocalyx presented a relative frequency of approximately 50%, and absolute densities of 670 and 80 individuals per hectare, respectively. Net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g s ), and transpiration (E) were measured, and the SPAD index was recorded in sun leaves from the canopy and shade leaves from the lower canopy, in both the wet and dry seasons. We quantified the dry biomass of leaves and fruit on a per-tree basis at the end of the wet season. Net photosynthesis was higher in shaded leaves in the AGP in the wet season, reaching an average of 4.8 µmol m -2 s -1 against 3.2 µmol m -2 s -1 under SF. As trees began to shed their leaves at the beginning of the dry season and more radiation reached the shaded leaves, there was an increase in SF for A, depending on the intensity of light reaching the leaves. In the sun leaves, gas exchange was similar for the land-use systems during the wet season, but stronger in AGP than under SF during the dry season. This happened when the leaves in AGP retained more relative water content during a period of low gravimetric levels of the soil water. The lower tree density in AGP promoted a higher SPAD index and dry biomass in both the sun and shaded leaves, and allowed greater A, E and g s rates in the sun leaves at the beginning of the dry period.

-The effects of different ratios of sugarcane and elephant grass (0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0% of the natural basis) were assessed on the chemical composition and losses in silages treated with a bacterial inoculant, using laboratory silos. A 2 × 5 factorial arrangement (with and without inoculant and five elephant grass ratios) in a randomized blocks design with three replications was used. Interaction was observed in the sugarcane and elephant grass ratio × bacterial inoculant for crude protein (CP) and pH. The other variables were influenced only by the increasing proportions of elephant grass. The contents of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ashes and protein, acid detergent fiber, insoluble protein in acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose and lignin in the silages increased linearly with the proportions of elephant grass. The water soluble carbohydrate contents and dry matter in vitro digestibility of the silages decreased linearly with the increase in the proportion of elephant grass. The mean value of ammonia nitrogen in relation to total N was 7.0% (% of DM). The CP values of the inoculated and non-inoculated silage fitted linear models. The highest CP content was observed in the silage treated with inoculant. The pH values of the silages, with and without inoculant, fitted quadratic and linear models, respectively. The lactic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid contents were not influenced by the elephant grass ratios, while the acetic acid content, for the non-inoculated silages, and ethanol decreased linearly with the increase in elephant grass. The ratio of 25%

RESUMOAvaliaram-se a composição química e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar hidrolisado com óxido de cálcio em dois períodos. As doses de óxido de cálcio aplicadas ao bagaço foram 0; 1,25; 2,5 e 3,75% (na base da MS) e os períodos de tratamento, 12 e 36 horas. O teor de matéria seca (MS) do bagaço de cana foi maior quando hidrolisado por 36 horas. O valor médio da proteína bruta foi de 2,4% e não foi influenciado pelo período, pela dose de óxido de cálcio nem pela interação período × dose de óxido de cálcio. Os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose e lignina diminuíram linearmente com a adição de óxido de cálcio. A digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, no entanto, aumentou 1,2% a cada unidade de óxido de cálcio adicionada ao bagaço da cana-de-açúcar. O tratamento com óxido de cálcio por 12 ou 36 horas melhora o valor nutritivo do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar.Palavras-chave: bagaço, cana-de-açúcar, parede celular, tratamento químico, valor nutritivo ABSTRACT The chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD