Este trabalho estudou o desenvolvimento ninfal, a reprodução e a taxa de predação de Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) alimentados ou não com lagartas de Alabama argillacea (Huebner) em plantas de algodão no campo. Ninfas e adultos do predador foram confinadas em folhas de algodão sem alimentação ou alimentadas com duas lagartas de 70±10 mg oferecidas em intervalos de 1, 3 e 6 dias. O desenvolvimento ninfal de P. nigrispinus, exceto no terceiro ínstar, aumentou com o intervalo de alimentação. Ninfas sem alimento atingiram o terceiro ínstar com sobrevivência de 16,7% e 100% de mortalidade posteriormente. Com alimentação diária e a cada três dias, a sobrevivência de ninfas de P. nigrispinus foi maior que 60% e superior àquelas com alimentação a cada seis dias. A predação de lagartas por ninfas alimentadas diariamente foi 12,7 e 13,2 lagartas predadas por indivíduos que originaram machos e fêmeas, respectivamente, e de 54,7 lagartas por fêmea na fase adulta. Fêmeas, com alimentação diária, apresentaram maior fecundidade, porém com períodos de pré-oviposição, de reprodução e de longevidade semelhantes entre todos os intervalos de alimentação. O fornecimento diário de duas lagartas excedeu a taxa diária de predação de ninfas e adultos, que foi de 0,7 e 1,1 lagartas por dia, respectivamente. Intervalos de alimentação de três e seis dias afetaram o desenvolvimento e reprodução de P. nigrispinus.

Pentatomidae is one of the largest Heteroptera families, comprising about 10% of the species estimated for the suborder. In spite of existing studies, doubts remain regarding the systematics of Pentatomomorpha. In this study, five species of Pentatomidae spermatozoa were examined to achieve characteristics that enable inferences in the phylogeny of the group and in behavioral issues associated with the presence of polymorphisms. Spermatozoa polymorphisms, characterized by two classes of sizes, are found in Podisus nigrispinus, Podisus distinctus, and Brontocoris tabidus, whereas Thynacanta marginata (Dallas) and Supputius cincticeps have single-size spermatozoa. The head region consists of an acrosome, a nucleus, and part of the centriolar adjunct. In the more anterior region, the nucleus is parallel to the centriolar adjunct. In the nucleus-flagellum transition region, the nucleus overlaps the anterior region of the mitochondrial derivatives, just above the axoneme. The mitochondrial derivatives and the axoneme run the entire extent of the flagellum. In species in which the spermatozoa are polymorphic, the larger spermatozoa have derivatives mitochondrial approximately 3-fold larger than the smaller spermatozoa. Characteristics derived from the morphology of spermatozoa indicate synapomorphies and are promising for systematic studies.

The experimental determination of petrophysical properties for shale rocks is dependent on measurement techniques and often produces inconsistent results. Alternatively, high-resolution three-dimensional imaging techniques coupled with image analysis and direct numerical simulations have been employed to estimate these parameters in shale samples. Nevertheless, the application of these results at the core and reservoir scales are uncertain due to the limited size of imaged samples. Here, Focused Ion Beam milling and Scanning Electron Microscope tomography is employed to study transport properties for the three upper layers of the Bakken formation. The representative size of each shale sample is characterized. Pore types, their connectivities, and pore size distributions are studied using high-resolution micrographs and their implications to mass transport at the macro scale are discussed. Porosity and permeability of the samples are also calculated from threedimensional images, and the results are compared to experimentally-measured values at the core scale. It is shown that the representative size of shale samples is dependent on the scale of analysis and could range from tens to hundreds of microns. We found that the upper Bakken layer is rich in clay and organic materials, the dominant pore type is pores associated with organic matter, and no connected porosity was observed in the preserved core samples. In contrast, the middle Bakken layers (upper and lower layers) have about 1% connected porosity mainly as intraplatelet pores within clay aggregates and interparticle pores, resulting in permeabilities between 4 and 30 μ D. Moreover, comparison of pore types and modeled flow pathways suggests the presence of water-wet connected pores in the middle Bakken rocks, whereas mainly oil-wet pores are present in the upper Bakken shale.

Studies on insect food intake and utilization are important for determining the degree of insect/plant association and host species’ resistance, and also for helping design pest management programs by providing estimates of potential economic losses, techniques for mass breeding of insects, and identifying physiological differences between species. We studied the feeding and development of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), on transgenic (Bt) and non‐transgenic (non‐Bt) cotton. The larvae of S. frugiperda fed on Bt cotton had a longer development period (23.0 days) than those fed on non‐Bt cotton (20.2 days). Survivorship of S. frugiperda larvae fed on Bt cotton (74.1%) was lower than that of larvae fed on non‐Bt cotton (96.7%). Pupal weight of larvae fed on Bt cotton (0.042 g) was lower than that of larvae fed on non‐Bt cotton (0.061 g). The cotton cultivar significantly affected food intake, feces production, metabolization, and food assimilation by S. frugiperda larvae. However, it did not affect their weight gain. Intake of Bt‐cotton leaf (0.53 g dry weight) per S. frugiperda larva was lower than the intake of non‐Bt‐cotton leaf (0.61 g dry weight). Larvae fed on Bt‐cotton leaves produced less feces (0.25 g dry weight) than those fed on non‐Bt‐cotton leaves (0.37 g dry weight). Weight gain per S. frugiperda larva fed on Bt‐cotton leaves (0.058 g dry weight) was similar to the weight gain for larvae fed on non‐Bt‐cotton leaves (0.056 g dry weight). The cotton cultivar significantly affected the relative growth, consumption, and metabolic rates, as well as other nutritional indices: the figures were lower for larvae fed on Bt‐cotton leaves than for larvae fed on non‐transgenic cotton leaves.

Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) is a common natural predator of defoliating caterpillars in agricultural and forest systems. Insecticides acting as growth regulators of insect pests can indirectly affect their predators through consumption of contaminated prey. We examined the reproductive performance of P. nigrispinus fed on caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) reared on soybean leaves exposed to the chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron. Caterpillars of A. gemmatalis were fed for 12 h with treated soybean leaves and offered to adults of the predator P. nigrispinus over five consecutive days. The fertility of P. nigrispinus was reduced when feeding on diflubenzuron treated caterpillars, especially at the beginning of the reproductive period, but recovered 3 weeks later. The effects of diflubenzuron ingestion on the life table parameters of P. nigrispinus included an increase in the period taken to double the population size, and reductions in the intrinsic rate of population increase, generation duration, and net reproductive rate. Diflubenzuron therefore had an indirect negative effect on the reproduction and the population dynamics of the non-target predator P. nigrispinus. Clearly, its use in integrated pest management requires further evaluation.

Competition behavior involving agricultural pest species has long been viewed as a powerful selective force that drives ecological and phenotypic diversity. In this context, a Game Theory-based approach may be useful to describe the decision-making dilemma of a competitor with impacts to guarantee its superiority in terms of ecological dominance or sharing of the food resource with its competitor. In an attempt to elucidate the consequences of competitive dynamics for the ecological dominance of these species in refuge areas of Bt cotton, we conducted a study that was divided into two parts. The first study consisted of an evaluation of interactions involving Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith, 1797) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1808) on non-Bt cotton plants in a field trial. In the second study, we explored the data matrix collected in the field to parameterize a model of Cellular Automata (CA) with update rules inspired by Game Theory. Computer simulations were analyzed in hypothetical scenarios involving the application (or not) of insecticides in the refuge areas in combination with the resistance factor of one or both pest species to the insecticides used in the refuge areas. H. armigera had superior competitive performance in relation to S. frugiperda only at high densities. According to the density-mediated shift in dominance of the species, the resistance of S. frugiperda to insecticides is seen as a risk factor for the production of susceptible individuals of H. armigera on a large scale in the refuge areas. Additionally, S. frugiperda insecticide resistance may potentially impact the resistance evolution of the H. armigera population to Bt cotton. Thus, ecological dominance could diverge by the presence of a resistance allele to insecticides with interspecific competition perhaps subordinate to evolutionary processes.

No abstract

Rhynchophorus palmarum (L.) causes great losses to the oil palm plantations, and therefore, the spatial and temporal distribution of this insect should be studied, to manage its populations. Insect sampling was done for 2 yr in an oil palm plantation from Colombia. In total, 60 pheromone traps were used in healthy palm trees and infected ones with the Bud Rot disease. On the other hand, developmental stages of this insect were quantified on healthy and diseased palms for two consecutive years. Number of adult R. palmarum per sampling was higher in the plantation with diseased palm trees, 3.85 and 74.7 insects per trap, than in those with healthy ones, 1.91 and 9.48 insects per trap, in the first and second years, respectively. After the integration of pheromone traps, there was a significant increase in the infestation level at all stages of development of the insect. For the first time, the presence of R. palmarum attracted to diseased palms is reported. The association between R. palmarum and the Bud Rot disease is a cause of death and great loss to the oil palm plantations.