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The experimental determination of petrophysical properties for shale rocks is dependent on measurement techniques and often produces inconsistent results. Alternatively, high-resolution three-dimensional imaging techniques coupled with image analysis and direct numerical simulations have been employed to estimate these parameters in shale samples. Nevertheless, the application of these results at the core and reservoir scales are uncertain due to the limited size of imaged samples. Here, Focused Ion Beam milling and Scanning Electron Microscope tomography is employed to study transport properties for the three upper layers of the Bakken formation. The representative size of each shale sample is characterized. Pore types, their connectivities, and pore size distributions are studied using high-resolution micrographs and their implications to mass transport at the macro scale are discussed. Porosity and permeability of the samples are also calculated from threedimensional images, and the results are compared to experimentally-measured values at the core scale. It is shown that the representative size of shale samples is dependent on the scale of analysis and could range from tens to hundreds of microns. We found that the upper Bakken layer is rich in clay and organic materials, the dominant pore type is pores associated with organic matter, and no connected porosity was observed in the preserved core samples. In contrast, the middle Bakken layers (upper and lower layers) have about 1% connected porosity mainly as intraplatelet pores within clay aggregates and interparticle pores, resulting in permeabilities between 4 and 30 μ D. Moreover, comparison of pore types and modeled flow pathways suggests the presence of water-wet connected pores in the middle Bakken rocks, whereas mainly oil-wet pores are present in the upper Bakken shale.

In vitro tests were carried out on the pathogenicity of nine isolates of the predatory fungi of the genus Monacrosporium (5 M. sinense isolates, 3 M. appendiculatum and 1 M. thaumasium isolate) for a phytonematode (second stage juveniles from Meloidogyne incognita, race 3), a free-living nematode (Panagrellus spp), and two gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes of cattle (infective larvae of Cooperia punctata and Haemonchus placei). A suspension containing 2,000 nematodes from each species was added to Petri dishes containing fungi and grown on 2% water-agar medium at 25 o C in the dark for up to 7 days. The dishes were examined every other day for 7 days and predation-free nematodes were counted. The results showed that the free-living nematodes, Panagrellus spp, were the most susceptible (P<0.05), followed by the phytonematode M. incognita, while the controls were ³98.5% viable. However, a variable susceptibility of the nematodes to different fungi was observed. This indicates that the use of predatory fungi for the environmental control of nematodes will be limited by the multiplicity of nematodes in the environment and their differential susceptibility to fungal isolates of the same genus. Correspondence

Feeding behavior can explain how predaceous Pentatomidae use different food sources as a result of ecological and evolutionary changes. This study describes the salivary glands of adults of the predator Supputius cincticeps (Stål) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) to assist in understand the feeding habits of this natural enemy. A pair of principal and accessory glands in the prothorax form the salivary system of S. cincticeps. The principal glands are bilobed with a spherical anterior lobe and are smaller than the posterior lobe, which has a prolonged sack form. The accessory glands are present in a long and tubular form that arises from the terminal portion of the curved accessory duct. The salivary system of S. cincticeps presents the same morphological pattern of other Asopinae predators.

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O processamento de produtos oriundos da agroindústria produz toneladas de resíduos orgânicos, que constituem excelentes matérias-primas para produção de substratos e adubos orgânicos de grande importância agronômica, social e econômica. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência de resíduos orgânicos da agroindústria da Amazônia Tocantina no desenvolvimento inicial de cultivares de alface. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 4 x 5, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de quatro substratos (palmito de açaí, caroço de açaí, casca de arroz carbonizada e o substrato comercial) e cinco cultivares de alface (Veneranda, Simpson, Cinderela, Mônica e Gabriela). O substrato com resíduos da agroindústria de palmito se mostrou uma ótima alternativa para produção de mudas de alface proporcionando resultados semelhantes ao substrato comercial, além de possuir características de favoráveis de ser mais barato e ajudar na sustentabilidade do meio ambiente.

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