Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University.Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way.Article accepted for publication in Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xge0000175 © American Psychological Association (APA) This article may not exactly replicate the authoritative document published in the APA journal. It is not the copy of record. contrast between independence and interdependence does not adequately capture the diverse models of selfhood that prevail in different world regions. Cultural groups emphasize different ways of being both independent and interdependent, depending on individualism-collectivism, national socioeconomic development, and religious heritage. Our seven-dimensional model will allow future researchers to test more accurately the implications of cultural models of selfhood for psychological processes in diverse ecocultural contexts.Keywords: CULTURE; SELF-CONSTRUALS; INDEPENDENCE-INTERDEPENDENCE Twenty-five years ago, Markus and Kitayama (1991) published their classic article on culture and the self, proposing that people in different parts of the world tend to construe themselves in two fundamentally different ways. They argued that Western cultures are unusual in promoting an independent view of the self as bounded, unitary, stable, and separate from the social context, whereas cultures in other parts of the world emphasize an interdependent view of the self as closely connected to others, fluid, and contextually embedded. They proposed that people with independent self-construals would strive for self-expression, uniqueness, and self-actualization, basing their actions on personal thoughts, feelings, and goals. In contrast, people with interdependent self-construals would strive to fit in and maintain social harmony, basing their actions on situationally defined norms and expectations.Markus and Kitayama's (1991) proposals had a dramatic impact on social, personality and developmental psychology, challenging ethnocentric assumptions, drawing attention to cultural diversity, and providing conceptual tools for theorizing about it. Social and personality psychologists used measures and manipulations of self-construals to predict numerous outcomes: cognitive styles, well-being, self-regulation, selfesteem, communication styles, social anxiety, and pro...

Beliefs about personhood are understood to be a defining feature of individualism-collectivism (I-C), but they have been insufficiently explored, given the emphasis of research on values and self-construals. We propose the construct of contextualism, referring to beliefs about the importance of context in understanding people, as a facet of cultural collectivism. A brief measure was developed and refined across 19 nations (Study 1: N = 5,241), showing good psychometric properties for cross-cultural use and correlating well at the nation level with other supposed facets and indicators of I-C. In Study 2 (N = 8,652), nation-level contextualism predicted ingroup favoritism, corruption, and differential trust of ingroup and outgroup members, while controlling for other facets of I-C, across 35 nations. We conclude that contextualism is an important part of cultural collectivism. This highlights the importance of beliefs alongside values and selfrepresentations and contributes to a wider understanding of cultural processes.

The motive to attain a distinctive identity is sometimes thought to be stronger in, or even specific to, those socialized into individualistic cultures. Using data from 4,751 participants in 21 cultural groups (18 nations and 3 regions), we tested this prediction against our alternative view that culture would moderate the ways in which people achieve feelings of distinctiveness, rather than influence the strength of their motivation to do so. We measured the distinctiveness motive using an indirect technique to avoid cultural response biases. Analyses showed that the distinctiveness motive was not weaker-and, if anything, was stronger-in more collectivistic nations. However, individualism-collectivism was found to moderate the ways in which feelings of distinctiveness were constructed: Distinctiveness was associated more closely with difference and separateness in more individualistic cultures and was associated more closely with social position in more collectivistic cultures. Multilevel analysis confirmed that it is the prevailing beliefs and values in an individual's context, rather than the individual's own beliefs and values, that account for these differences.

Several theories propose that self-esteem, or positive self-regard, results from fulfilling the value priorities of one's surrounding culture. Yet, surprisingly little evidence exists for this assertion, and theories differ about whether individuals must personally endorse the value priorities involved. We compared the influence of four bases for self-evaluation (controlling one's life, doing one's duty, benefitting others, achieving social status) among 4,852 adolescents across 20 cultural samples, using an implicit, within-person measurement technique to avoid cultural response biases. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed that participants generally derived feelings of self-esteem from all four bases, but especially from those that were most consistent with the value priorities of others in their cultural context. Multilevel analyses confirmed that the bases of positive self-regard are sustained collectively: They are predictably moderated by culturally normative values but show little systematic variation with personally endorsed values.

RESUMO.Este artigo tem o objetivo de abordar algumas contribuições da pesquisa documental na esfera de conversação de várias áreas e saberes. Uma partilha metodológica é colocada como pressuposto na descrição e na análise de documentos, na formação de arquivos, constituídos de acontecimentos que deixaram restos e marcas, vestígios no tempo e no espaço. O documento não é uma prova e sim uma pista de que algo ocorreu, mas não pode ser restituído em uma totalidade histórica, apenas ser colocado em narrativas com lac unas por meio do tratamento das fontes documentais pelos pesquisadores. As conversas entre saberes da Psicologia e da História são relevantes na análise histórico-documental. Este artigo assinala pistas para acesso e manejo dos arquivos, bem como desafios, dificuldades e relevância de estudos que usem as fontes históricas datadas e situadas espacialmente. A pesquisa documental auxilia na problematização de práticas sociais, da desnaturalização das mesmas e da ruptura com cristalizações. Palavras-chave: Documentos; psicologia; história. DOCUMENTARY ANALYSIS: RESEARCH CLUES IN PSYCHOLOGY AND HISTORYABSTRACT. This article aims to address some contributions of documentary research in a sphere where several fields and pieces of knowledge dialogue. A methodolog ical exchange is placed as presupposition in the description and analysis of documents, in the formation of archives made up of events that have left remnants and marks, traces in time and space. A document is not a proof but a clue that something has occurred; however, it cannot be restored in a historical totality, only be put into narrative with gaps through the treatment of documentary sources by researchers. The dialogues between the pieces of knowledge of Psychology and History are relevant in histori cal-documentary analysis. This article points at clues for the access to and handling of archives, as well as at challenges, difficulties and relevance of studies that use historical sources which are dated and spatially situated. Documentary research aids in the problematization of social practices, in their denaturalization and in the break with crystallizations.

ResumoEste artigo visa colocar em debate a medicalização intensiva da existência verificada na atualidade, sobretudo quando esta ocorre pelo silenciamento da resistência, seja pelas disciplinas, seja pelas biopolíticas seja ainda pelas estratégias de segurança. Estas são cada vez mais refinadas, sendo utilizadas de modo tático, em um conjunto de instituições que são administradas por especialistas peritos em diagnosticar os desvios sociais e as divergências pelas racionalidades biomédicas, psicologizantes e patologizantes da educação inventiva e da dissidência política. O objetivo deste artigo é problematizar essas práticas sociais e seus efeitos cotidianos, além de descrever e analisar as resistências a essas práticas, sempre com base nas contribuições de Michel Foucault e de Robert Castel. Esse texto, em formato de estudo teórico, é um recorte de pesquisas em andamento, de cunho documental e histórico, em que pretendemos contribuir com a crítica à medicalização da educação e da dissidência política, na atualidade, em uma sociedade de segurança. Palavras-chave:Medicalização; disciplina; biopolítica. Nowaday´s medicalization of Education and resistance : discipline, biopolitics and security AbstractThis article aims at bringing to debate nowaday´s intensive medicalization of existence, especially when it occurs by silencing of resistance by both disciplines and biopolitical and also by the strategies of increasingly refined security. These are used tactically, in a set of institutions that are run by expert specialists in diagnosing social deviations and differences by biomedical rationales, psychologizing and pathologizing of inventive education and political dissent. Our aim in this work is to problematize these everyday social practices and their effects. We also propose to describe and analyze the resistance to these practices. To sustain our argument we have the theoretical support of Michel Foucault and RobertCastel . This study is part of and ongoing research and historical nature through which we intent to contribute to the critique of medicalization of education and political dissent, today, in a society of security.Keywords: Medicalization; Discipline; Biopolitics. La medicalización de la educación y de la resistencia en el presente: disciplina, biopolítica y seguridad ResumenEste artículo tiene por objetivo poner en tela de juicio la medicalización intensiva de la existencia verificada en la actualidad, principalmente cuando ésta sucede por el silenciamiento de la resistencia, sea por las disciplinas, sea por las biopolíticas sea aún por las estrategias de seguridad. Éstas son cada vez más refinadas, siendo utilizadas de modo táctico, en un conjunto de instituciones que son administradas por especialistas peritos en diagnosticar los desvíos sociales y las divergencias por las racionalidades biomédicas, psicologizantes y patologizantes de la educación inventiva y de la disidencia política. El objetivo de este artículo es problematizar esas prácticas sociales y sus efectos cotidianos, además de describi...

Acervo disponível em www.scielo.br/epsic Uma crítica à produção do TDAH e a administração de drogas para crianças

Este artigo apresenta uma análise da literatura a respeito de medicalização, a partir da biopolítica no neoliberalismo. A construção do mercado da saúde coloca em cena um conjunto de tecnologias de governo de condutas que forja subjetividades saudáveis e controladas pelas prescrições de saúde e segurança. Os efeitos dessas práticas medicalizantes atravessam e fabricam corpos e populações, instrumentalizados pela gerência de risco e perigo, pela prevenção e controle do futuro, em nome da vida e da saúde, prolongadas ao extremo. Nesse aspecto, o objeto desse artigo é problematizar por meio de uma abordagem histórica, baseada em Foucault, a emergência do biocapital e da bioeconomia, como táticas de normalização e normatização das condutas pela biocidadania; e no âmbito das leis que reivindicam o direito à saúde, como estratégia.