The development of beef calves born of Charolais (CH), Nellore (N), and Charolais × Nellore crossbred cows with Charolais (CHP) and Nellore (NP) predominance, was evaluated from birth to 12 months of age. The cows were grouped into three age classes: primiparous, young and adult. The net energy requirements for maintenance and gain of the calves were also evaluated, as were the production and availability of energy in the milk of the evaluated cows. We used 93 pairs of contemporary cows and calves maintained in natural pasture. From birth to 21 days of age and from 21 to 42 days of age, the calves of adult cows presented the highest average daily weight gain (ADG), while the calves of young and primiparous cows had similar ADG. The highest net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) were for crossbred and Charolais calves, the latter being similar to Nellore calves. The energy available in the milk of the adult cows was 33% higher than that of primiparous cows. The weight gain of calves was influenced by the age of the cow until weaning. The pre-weaning and post-weaning weights of calves were affected by the genetic group, and adult and young cows produced heavier calves in the pre-weaning period than primiparous cows.
ResumoAvaliou-se através do desenvolvimento de vacas e bezerros até o desmame aos 90 dias e também do desempenho reprodutivo desde a prenhez até a desmama, a produtividade e a eficiência de 94 vacas de corte dos grupos genéticos Charolês (CH), Nelore (NE), ½CH ½NE e ½NE ½CH submetidas aos seguintes sistemas de alimentação: vacas mantidas exclusivamente em pastagem nativa (PN); vacas mantidas em pastagem cultivada (PC), composta por aveia (Avena sativa), azevém (Lollium multiflorum) e trevo vesiculoso (Trifolium vesiculosum) durante o período de 15 de julho a 15 de setembro e o restante do período experimental em pastagem natural (PCN); e vacas mantidas em pastagem cultivada durante o período de 15 de setembro a 15 de novembro, e o restante do período em pastagem nativa (PNC). As vacas mantida em PC produziram 22,6% a mais de bezerros do que as vacas mantidas exclusivamente em PN, bem como foram mais eficientes no índice de produção de bezerros (eficiência dos rebanhos), com 57,0 vs 37,0 kg de bezerros/vaca mantida no rebanho. Na produção de kg de bezerros por vaca, as fêmeas mantidas em PC no pós-parto (69 kg) foram superiores (P<0,05) as mantidas em pastagem cultivadas no pré-parto (61 kg) e estas superiores as mantidas exclusivamente em PN (53 kg). Entre as vacas puras, as Charolês foram mais produtivas com maior índice de produção de bezerros necessitando de menos vacas para a produção de um bezerro. Entre as vacas cruzadas não ocorreu diferença nas variáveis estudas (P>0,05), sendo estas superiores as puras na produtividade e eficiência produtiva. Palavras-chave: Charolês, cruzamento, ganho de peso, índice de produção de bezerros, Nelore, taxa de desmama AbstractWe assessed through the weight of cows and calves up to weaning at 90 days and the reproductive performance from pregnancy to weaning, the productivity and efficiency of 94 Charolais (CH), Nellore (NE), ½CH ½NE e ½NE ½CH cows submitted the following feeding systems: cows kept on native pasture (NP); cows kept on cultivated pasture (CP), composed of oat (Avena sativa), ryegrass (Lollium multiflorum) and clover (Trifolium vesiculosum) from July 15 to September 15 and the remainder of the trial on natural pasture (CPN); and cows kept on cultivated pasture during September 15 to November 15, and the remainder on native pasture (NPC). Cows kept on CP produced 22.6% more calves than
Resumo A morfogênese é uma valiosa ferramenta para a compreensão da dinâmica do pasto, porém os estudos morfogênicos referentes à cultura do sorgo ainda são escassos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de suplementação sobre as características morfogênicas do sorgo forrageiro. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria entre janeiro e abril de 2013. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com medidas repetidas no tempo, com três tratamentos e duas repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em S 0,8 = pastagem de sorgo + 0,8 % PV de suplementação, S 1,0 = pastagem de sorgo + 1,0 % PV de suplementação e S 1,2 = pastagem de sorgo + 1,2 % PV de suplementação. Ao aumentar o nível de suplementação ofertado, observou-se menor valor para Folhas Vivas (2,77, 3,34 e 3,55) e Taxa de Elongação Foliar (0,06, 0,09 e 0,08). Não foram influenciadas (P<0,05) pelos diferentes níveis de suplementação as variáveis Taxa de Aparecimento Foliar (0,0041, 0,0043 e 0,039), Taxa de Senescência Foliar (0,05, 0,06 e 0,11), Filocrono (283,96, 265,21 e 278,62), Duração de Vida da Folha (1081,1, 986,25 e 788,79) e Duração de Elongação Foliar (350,58, 312,83 e 326,36).
-The objective of this research was to study the ingestive behavior of feedlot cows fed additives based on plant extracts or monensin sodium. Twenty-four Charolais and Nellore crossbred cows with age and average initial weight of 7 years and 423 kg, respectively, were used. The experimental diets were plant extracts: basal diet + 5 g/animal/day of a natural additive composed of 750 mg of essential oil of thyme (Thymus vulgaris), 150 mg of garlic (Allium sativum), 250 mg of rosemary extract (Rosmarimus officinalis), 250 mg of canola oil (Brassica napus), 250 mg extract of quillaja (Quillaja saponaria), and 3350 mg of corn starch; sodium monensin: basal diet + 300 mg/monensin/animal/day; and control: basal diet without additive. The basal diet contained sorghum silage and concentrate in a 62:38 ratio. The experimental design was completely randomized with a 3 × 2 (3 diets and 2 breed predominances) factorial arrangement, and means were compared using DMS test at 5% of significance. The type of additive consumed did not alter animal feeding behavior. Cows with Charolais predominance consumed more dry matter (13.78 vs. 12.38 kg/day) and neutral detergent fiber (7.81 vs. 6.89 kg/day), ruminated for longer (8.47 vs. 7.82
O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os parâmetros de comportamento ingestivo de novilhos terminados em confinamento, alimentados com silagem de capim papuã e silagem de sorgo. Cada tratamento foi composto por seis animais com peso e idade média inicial de 245 kg e 20 meses, respectivamente, e grupos genéticos de cruzas Nelore (N) com Charolês (C). A dieta foi composta por relação volumoso:concentrado, 50:50 (base na MS). As atividades comportamentais foram observadas a cada cinco minutos, no decorrer de vinte e quatro horas, durante oito dias, distribuídos ao longo do período de confinamento. O uso dos diferentes tipos de volumoso não interferiu no tempo de alimentação, ruminação e ócio, com médias de 4,29; 11,52 e 8,06h, respectivamente. As variáveis número de refeições e tempo de refeições diárias também não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos, sendo respectivamente7,72 e 35,79min. O número de mastigadas por bolo ruminal, tempo de mastigada por bolo, número de bolos, número de mastigadas diárias e tempo de mastigação total expressos em h/dia, não diferiram (P > 0,05) entre os tratamentos, apresentando respectivamente valores médios de 59; 53; 550,44; 32059,5 e 12,36. Não foi constatada influência dos diferentes volumosos sobre o comportamento ingestivo dos novilhos confinados.
Efeitos da altura de colheita da silagem de milho e do nível de concentrado sobre as características ...
The goal of the present study was to evaluatecharacteristics of the carcass and meat of steers and heifers, finished in feedlots and fed different high-grain diets. Forty-five bovines were used: 21 heifers, with an initial age of 32 months and initial weight of 359.9 kg, and 24 steers, with an initial age of 20 months and initial weight of 337.6 kg, from a Charolais × Nelore crossbreed. The animals were divided among the treatments, which were defined by the energy source used in the diet: rice, white oats, or corn; seven heifers and eight steers were used per diet treatment. The animals remained confined until reaching an estimated warm carcass weight of 220 kg. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Weights at slaughter were higher for animals fed white oats (449.3 kg) or corn (430.4 kg) than for animals fed rice (401.8 kg). Higher carcass yields were found in corn-fed animals. Animals that received rice had lower coverfat thickness. The yields of the rib and hind-quarter commercial cuts were higher for cattle that received white oats or corn. Animals that received corn diets had greater arm circumference than animals that received white oatsand both were larger than animals that were fed rice. The tenderness (5.15 points) and palatability (5.46 points) of rice-fed animals werelower than those of animals fed white oats (5.73 and 6.40 points, respectively) or corn (6.04 and 6.45 points, respectively). Slaughter weights were similar between categories - 424.1 kg and 430.2 kg for steers and heifers, respectively. Steers had higher fore-quarter yield (38.0% vs.37.4%), whereas heifers had a greater carcass length (126.0 cm vs. 123.1 cm). The finishing of cattle with corn- or white oat-based high grain-diets yielded heavier carcasses, with adequate deposition of fat, andbetter performance of principal carcass cuts. Feeding with rice in high-grain diets produced leaner meats, but reduced carcass weight, with greater losses upon cooling and less tender meat. The production of confined heifers or steers ensures similar meat products.
Lamb meat showed better results for color quality traits. Hoggets had more appealing results, given the less acidic taste of their meat. Maize grain provided superior meat quality in terms of instrumental traits. Sorghum grain provided softer meat with lower strange-aroma perception.
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