BackgroundPediatric medications may possess a high erosive potential to dental tissues due to the existence of acid components in their formulations. The purpose was to determine the erosive and cariogenic potential of pediatric oral liquid medications through the analysis of their physicochemical properties in vitro.MethodsA total of 59 substances were selected from the drug reference list of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), which belong to 11 therapeutic classes, as follows: analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, antihistamines, antitussives, bronchodilators, antibacterials, antiparasitics, antiemetics, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Measurement of pH was performed by potentiometry, using a digital pH meter. For the Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) chemical assay, a 0.1 N NaOH standard solution was used, which was titrated until drug pH was neutralized. The Total Soluble Solids Contents (TSSC) quantification was carried out by refractometry using Brix scale and the analysis of Total Sugar Content was performed according to Fehling’s method. In addition, it was analyzed the information contained in the drug inserts with regard to the presence of sucrose and type of acid and sweetener added to the formulations.ResultsAll drug classes showed acidic pH, and the lowest mean was found for antipsychotics (2.61 ± 0.08). There was a large variation in the TTA (0.1% - 1.18%) and SST (10.44% - 57.08%) values. High total sugar contents were identified in the antitussives (53.25%) and anticonvulsants (51.75%). As described in the drug inserts, sucrose was added in 47.5% of the formulations, as well as citric acid (39.0%), sodium saccharin (36.4%) and sorbitol (34.8%).ConclusionThe drugs analyzed herein showed physicochemical characteristics indicative of a cariogenic and erosive potential on dental tissues. Competent bodies’ strategies should be implemented in order to broaden the knowledge of health professionals, drug manufacturers and general consuming public about the risks from the consumption of medicines potentially harmful to dental tissues.

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The energy drinks evaluated have a high erosive potential, as they present low pH and a high non-reducing sugar content.

RESUMOIsotônico é uma bebida destinada a reidratar, bem como repor eletrólitos, carboidratos e outros nutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o pH endógeno, a acidez total titulável (ATT) e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) de nove bebidas isotônicas à temperatura ambiente (±23°C) e após resfriamento (±9°C). A avaliação do pH foi feita por potenciometria e a capacidade tampão foi realizada por meio da diluição de cada uma das substâncias. Incrementos de 0,1NKOH foram adicionados até que se atingisse a neutralidade. As leituras dos SST foram feitas por refratometria usando o refratômetro de Abbé. As médias do pH variaram de 2,03 (Gatorade Tangerina ® ) a 2,93 (Marathon Limão ® ) e todos as bebidas mostraram pH abaixo do valor crítico de 5,5. As médias da ATT variaram de 0,10 para o Marathon Limão ® a 0,32 para o Gatorade Tangerina ® . O Gatorade Tangerina ® apresentou o menor valor de SST (6,33%) e o Marathon Guaraná e Açaí ® mostrou o maior valor de SST (12,50%). Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as temperaturas para o pH (G3, G4, G5, G6 e G8), para os SST (G2, G3, G6 e G9) e para a ATT (G2, G3 e G5). Ao se comparar os grupos 1 e 3 (Marathon Guaraná Açaí ® x Gatorate Guaraná Açaí ® ) observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre em relação ao pH para a temperatura ambiente, em relação aos SST para as temperaturas ambiente e a ±9°C e para a ATT na temperatura ambiente. As bebidas analisadas apresentaram baixo pH endógeno, podendo as mesmas serem consideradas potencialmente erosivas aos tecidos dentais se consumidas de modo inadequado e com elevada frequência. Com relação à temperatura, recomenda-se a ingestão dessas bebidas resfriadas.Palavras-chave: erosão dentária, esmalte dentário, alimentos para praticantes de atividade física. ABSTRACTA sports drink is a beverage made to rehydrate, as well as replace electrolytes, carbohydrates, and other nutrients. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the endogenous pH, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids content (TSSC) of nine sports drinks. pH analysis was performed by potentiometry and buffering capacity was assessed by dilution of each substance. Increments of 0.1 N KOH were titrated until neutrality was reached. TSSC readings were performed by Brix refractometry using the Abbé refractometer. pH values ranged from 2.03 (Gatorade Tangerina®) to 2.93 (Marathon Limão®) and all sports drinks showed pH below the critical value of 5.5. The titratable acidity values ranged from 0.106 (Marathon Limão®) to 0.32 (Gatorade Tangerina®). Gatorade Tangerina® presented the lowest TSSC content (6.33%) and Marathon Guaraná e Açaí® presented the highest TSSC content (12.50%). Statistically significant differences were observed between temperatures for pH (G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8), TSSC (G2, G3, G6 and G9) and TA (G2, G3 and G5). When groups 1 and 3 were compared (Marathon Guaraná Açaí versus Gatorate Guaraná Açaí), statistically significant difference concerning pH at room temperature, concernin...

Objectives:To evaluate in vitro the endogenous pH, titratable acidity and total soluble solid content (TSSC) of mouthwashes available in the Brazilian market.Methods:The study sample was composed of 10 commercial brands of mouthwashes based on different active ingredients: Cepacol®, Clinerize®, Equate®, Listerine Cool Citrus®, Oral-B®, Periogard®, Peroxyl®, Plax Overnight®, Prevident 220® and Sanifill®. The experiments were performed in triplicate. The endogenous pH was evaluated by potentiometry, titratable acidity was evaluated by the addition of 0.1N KOH increments to the mouthwashes, and TSSC readings were performed by Brix refractometry using the Abbé refractometer.Results:pH values ranged from 3.56 (Peroxyl®) to 7.43 (Cepacol®) and three mouthwashes presented pHs below 5.5. The titratable acidity values ranged from 0.007 (Periograd®) to 0.530 (Prevident®). Oral B® and Clinerize® presented the lowest (4.7%) and the highest (23.70%) TSSC, respectively.Conclusions:Some of the mouthwashes evaluated in this study presented low endogenous pH, even below the critical value for enamel dissolution (pH<5.5), high titratable acidity and high TSSC, and may be potentially erosive to the dental tissues if not properly used.

Recebido em 18/1/06; aceito em 15/1/07; publicado na web em 17/7/07 APPLICATION OF ARTIFICIAL AND SOLAR UV RADIATION IN THE PHOTOCATALYTIC TREATMENT OF A TANNERY EFFLUENT. Tannery effluents are very dangerous for the environment since they contain large amounts of dangerous and biorecalcitrant contaminants (organic matter and Cr(VI)). This paper reports the efficiency of heterogeneous photocatalysis, based on the application of solar and artificial radiation, furnished by UV lamps, using TiO 2 fixed on a flat plate, in the treatment of synthetic effluents. The results of COD and Cr(VI) demonstrate that the use of solar radiation is the most efficient way to perform the photocatalytic treatment of these effluents since a minimum removal of 62 and 61% was observed for Cr(VI) and organic matter, respectively. Keywords: heterogeneous photocatalysis; artificial radiation; solar radiation. INTRODUÇÃOA maior parte dos impactos ambientais gerados pela sociedade contemporânea de países desenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento tem sua gênese no setor industrial. Este setor é um grande consumidor de recursos naturais e um grande produtor de dejetos que, geralmente, são descartados no meio ambiente -no estado in natura ou ineficientemente tratados -em especial, nos ecossistemas aquáti-cos 1 . As indústrias de curtimento de couro são valorosas representantes do extraordinário potencial poluidor do segmento industrial. Todo o processo produtivo do couro curtido consome grande quantidade de água e, por conseguinte, gera também expressiva quantidade de efluentes líquidos e resíduos sólidos. Em média, a produção de 250 kg de couro curtido é feita a partir de 1 t de pele salgada, sendo necessária a aplicação de 30.000 L de água para todo o processo de curtimento 2 . Assim, em média, as indústrias de curtume finalizam cerca de 20 a 30% de sua matéria-prima, resultando na produção média de 600 kg de resíduos sólidos e 50 m 3 de efluentes líquidos (com 250 kg de DQO e 100 kg de DBO) 3 . As águas residuárias de curtumes já são submetidas a processos de tratamento preliminar (gradeamento, mistura e homogeneização, retenção de gordura e lançamento em vazão regularizada), primário (coagulação, floculação e decantação) e secundário (aplicação de lodos ativados, valos de oxidação, lagoas aeradas, facultativas etc) 4 . No entanto, em indústrias de grande porte essas etapas de tratamento não se mostram eficazes para que os efluentes tratados tenham as características desejáveis para serem descartados no meio ambiente, especialmente em relação aos teores de material orgânico e cromo. As afirmações anteriores podem ser contextualizadas com dois exemplos reais de produção de efluentes de curtume perigosos para o meio ambiente. Segundo Gomes et al. . Segundo esses autores, na Índia a produção de couro concentra-se nos estados de Unnao, Kanpur e Uttar Pradesh, havendo em Unnao uma central de tratamento dos efluentes dos curtumes (CETP) pertencentes aos estados de Unnao e Uttar Pradesh. Os curtumes desses estados produzem efluentes com 62 ± 34 mg L -...

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