BackgroundPediatric medications may possess a high erosive potential to dental tissues due to the existence of acid components in their formulations. The purpose was to determine the erosive and cariogenic potential of pediatric oral liquid medications through the analysis of their physicochemical properties in vitro.MethodsA total of 59 substances were selected from the drug reference list of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA), which belong to 11 therapeutic classes, as follows: analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, corticosteroids, antihistamines, antitussives, bronchodilators, antibacterials, antiparasitics, antiemetics, anticonvulsants and antipsychotics. Measurement of pH was performed by potentiometry, using a digital pH meter. For the Total Titratable Acidity (TTA) chemical assay, a 0.1 N NaOH standard solution was used, which was titrated until drug pH was neutralized. The Total Soluble Solids Contents (TSSC) quantification was carried out by refractometry using Brix scale and the analysis of Total Sugar Content was performed according to Fehling’s method. In addition, it was analyzed the information contained in the drug inserts with regard to the presence of sucrose and type of acid and sweetener added to the formulations.ResultsAll drug classes showed acidic pH, and the lowest mean was found for antipsychotics (2.61 ± 0.08). There was a large variation in the TTA (0.1% - 1.18%) and SST (10.44% - 57.08%) values. High total sugar contents were identified in the antitussives (53.25%) and anticonvulsants (51.75%). As described in the drug inserts, sucrose was added in 47.5% of the formulations, as well as citric acid (39.0%), sodium saccharin (36.4%) and sorbitol (34.8%).ConclusionThe drugs analyzed herein showed physicochemical characteristics indicative of a cariogenic and erosive potential on dental tissues. Competent bodies’ strategies should be implemented in order to broaden the knowledge of health professionals, drug manufacturers and general consuming public about the risks from the consumption of medicines potentially harmful to dental tissues.

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A perda progressiva da estrutura dentária associada à ocorrência de lesões cervicais não cariosas tem-se mostrado um problema cada vez mais frequente na prática odontológica contemporânea, uma vez que o aumento da expectativa de vida tem favorecido a manutenção da dentição natural. Dessa forma, o número de pessoas que expõem seus dentes por um maior período de tempo aos múltiplos fatores etiológicos relacionados à perda progressiva e não cariosa das estruturas dentais também tem aumentado, fato que pode resultar em complicações estéticas e funcionais. Portanto, este trabalho destina-se a realizar uma revisão de literatura acerca dos fatores etiológicos, classificação, características clínicas e opções terapêuticas para as lesões cervicais não cariosas, possibilitando aos cirurgiões-dentistas o estabelecimento do diagnóstico diferencial, de condutas preventivas e de tratamento.

RESUMOIsotônico é uma bebida destinada a reidratar, bem como repor eletrólitos, carboidratos e outros nutrientes. O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o pH endógeno, a acidez total titulável (ATT) e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST) de nove bebidas isotônicas à temperatura ambiente (±23°C) e após resfriamento (±9°C). A avaliação do pH foi feita por potenciometria e a capacidade tampão foi realizada por meio da diluição de cada uma das substâncias. Incrementos de 0,1NKOH foram adicionados até que se atingisse a neutralidade. As leituras dos SST foram feitas por refratometria usando o refratômetro de Abbé. As médias do pH variaram de 2,03 (Gatorade Tangerina ® ) a 2,93 (Marathon Limão ® ) e todos as bebidas mostraram pH abaixo do valor crítico de 5,5. As médias da ATT variaram de 0,10 para o Marathon Limão ® a 0,32 para o Gatorade Tangerina ® . O Gatorade Tangerina ® apresentou o menor valor de SST (6,33%) e o Marathon Guaraná e Açaí ® mostrou o maior valor de SST (12,50%). Foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as temperaturas para o pH (G3, G4, G5, G6 e G8), para os SST (G2, G3, G6 e G9) e para a ATT (G2, G3 e G5). Ao se comparar os grupos 1 e 3 (Marathon Guaraná Açaí ® x Gatorate Guaraná Açaí ® ) observou-se diferença estatisticamente significante entre em relação ao pH para a temperatura ambiente, em relação aos SST para as temperaturas ambiente e a ±9°C e para a ATT na temperatura ambiente. As bebidas analisadas apresentaram baixo pH endógeno, podendo as mesmas serem consideradas potencialmente erosivas aos tecidos dentais se consumidas de modo inadequado e com elevada frequência. Com relação à temperatura, recomenda-se a ingestão dessas bebidas resfriadas.Palavras-chave: erosão dentária, esmalte dentário, alimentos para praticantes de atividade física. ABSTRACTA sports drink is a beverage made to rehydrate, as well as replace electrolytes, carbohydrates, and other nutrients. The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the endogenous pH, total titratable acidity and total soluble solids content (TSSC) of nine sports drinks. pH analysis was performed by potentiometry and buffering capacity was assessed by dilution of each substance. Increments of 0.1 N KOH were titrated until neutrality was reached. TSSC readings were performed by Brix refractometry using the Abbé refractometer. pH values ranged from 2.03 (Gatorade Tangerina®) to 2.93 (Marathon Limão®) and all sports drinks showed pH below the critical value of 5.5. The titratable acidity values ranged from 0.106 (Marathon Limão®) to 0.32 (Gatorade Tangerina®). Gatorade Tangerina® presented the lowest TSSC content (6.33%) and Marathon Guaraná e Açaí® presented the highest TSSC content (12.50%). Statistically significant differences were observed between temperatures for pH (G3, G4, G5, G6 and G8), TSSC (G2, G3, G6 and G9) and TA (G2, G3 and G5). When groups 1 and 3 were compared (Marathon Guaraná Açaí versus Gatorate Guaraná Açaí), statistically significant difference concerning pH at room temperature, concernin...

Background. Victims of motor vehicle accidents may suffer multiple lesions, including maxillofacial injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with head, facial, and maxillofacial injuries in child and adolescent victims of automobile accidents. A cross-sectional study was carried out with analysis of forensic medical reports from the Legal Medical Institute of Campina Grande, Brazil, between January 2008 and December 2011. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test (α = 0.05). From 1613 medical reports analyzed, the sample is composed 232 (14.4%) reports referring to child and adolescent victims of automobile accidents aged 0–19 years of both sexes. Victims were mostly adolescents aged from 15 to 19 years (64.2%), males (73.7%), and motorcyclists (51.3%). More than half of the victims had single lesions (54.3%) located in the head (20.7%) and face (21.6%). Head injuries occurred more frequently in children aged 0–4 years (53.8%, PR = 5.065, 95% CI = 1.617–5.870) and pedestrians (30.4%, PR = 2.039, 95% CI = 1.024–4.061), while facial and maxillofacial injuries occurred in higher proportion among females (31.1%, PR = 0.489, 95% CI = 0.251–0.954). Our findings suggest that accidents involving motorcyclists are the most prevalent, affecting male adolescents aged from 15 to 19 years, resulting in a high frequency of injuries in the head and face regions.

Testes de dureza; Esmalte dentário; Bebidas isotônicas. Hardness tests; Dental enamel; Foods for persons engaged in physical acti viti es. Objecti ve: To evaluate the microhardness of dental enamel aft er exposure to isotonic beverages. Method: Twenty-fi ve specimens were prepared and allocated to fi ve groups: G1: control (disti lled water), G2: Gatorade® tangerine at room temperature, G3: Gatorade® tangerine at 9 0 C, G4: Gatorade® lemon at room temperature, and G5: Gatorade® lemon at 9 0 C. Vickers microhardness was measured before (T1) and aft er (T2) immersion of the specimens in these soluti ons, by the applicati on of a load of 100 g during 15 seconds. The acid challenge had the durati on of 1 minute followed by 3 minutes in arti fi cial saliva. This cycle was repeated 5 ti mes, totalizing 20 minutes, and was performed twice a day, during 3 consecuti ve days with a 12-hour interval between them. At the end of the sixth acid challenge, new microhardness measurements (100 g/15 seconds) were made. Data were presented by descripti ve stati sti cs (maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviati on) using ANOVA and paired t-test. A signifi cance level of 0.05 and 95% confi dence interval were used. Database and stati sti cal analyses were done using the SPSS 13.0 soft ware. Results: The analysis of Vickers microhardness in T1 and T2 showed stati sti cally signifi cant diff erence before and aft er immersion of the specimens in the isotonic beverages (t =10.49; p =0.000). All experimental groups presented a decrease of the microhardness values aft er the acid challenge (T2). There was stati sti cally signifi cant diff erence between G3 and G5 in T2 (p<0.05). Conclusion: The beverages evaluated in this study caused permanent dental enamel demineralizati on with signifi cant diff erence between the initi al and the fi nal microhardness values in the groups subjected to the acid challenge.

Background. Prisoners, in general, exhibit unsatisfactory oral conditions, especially with regard to the large number of missing teeth and with untreated caries. The aim of this study was to assess tooth loss, use of and need for prosthetic rehabilitation, and use of dental services among inmates. A cross-sectional study involving 65 inmates was developed at the Regional Women's Prison of Campina Grande, Brazil. Data regarding sociodemographic and sentencing profile, use of dental services, dental morbidity, and self-perceived oral health impacts were investigated. Chi-square, Pearson, and Kruskal-Wallis (P < 0.05) statistical tests were used. The mean tooth loss was 11.3 teeth. Significant association between tooth loss and oral health satisfaction (P = 0.049), self-perceived need for dental prosthesis (P < 0.001), uncomfortable teeth brushing (P = 0.005), difficult speaking (P = 0.002), and difficulty in performing routine tasks (P = 0.025) was observed. It was observed that 29.2% of inmates were using some type of prosthesis, all deemed unsuitable for use, and 78.5% of inmates needed prosthetic rehabilitation. The oral health condition of the population studied was found to be poor, and prisoners showed significant tooth loss and need for dentures, with the aggravation of having tooth extraction as the major reason for seeking dental care.

Motorcycle accidents are becoming a public health problem in developing world. The objective of this paper was to assess the factors related to morbidity and mortality among victims of motorcycle accidents in a trauma center. An analysis of 9,734 medical records of patients hospitalized for external causes at the Regional Emergency and Trauma Hospital of Campina Grande, Paraiba, Brazil, from January to December 2009 was done. The cases of accidents with motorcycles accounted for 20.8% of all hospital care, mostly affecting men (85.8%) aged 21-29 years old (33.9%). Legs and feet (55.2%) and arms and hands (26.9%) were the most affected parts of the body. The association between the occurrence of motorcycle accident affecting the face (p=0.001), the chest (p<0.001), arms and hands (p=0.004) and legs and feet (p<0.001) was observed. Multiple lesions were present in 40.4% of the cases; and the majority (80.6%) involved fractures. Amputation and functional impairment were observed in 15.3% and 4.3% of the victims, respectively. Vascular lesions in the lower limbs had a 3.5 times higher chance of occurrence among injured motorcyclists. Fatal accidents accounted for 1.3% of the injured victims. In conclusion, motorcycle accidents affect men, predominantly, most of them being young, causing fractures and multiple lesions, mainly in the lower limbs. There is need for greater incentive to actions concerning traffic safety education focusing on motorcyclists, as well as greater control by competent authorities as regards to the use of motorcycles in the country. _________________________________________________________________________________________