We present evidence on intergenerational mobility of wages in Brazil using a large household survey. We estimate the wage elasticity coefficient through a two-sample instrumental variable procedure (Angrist and Krueger (1992) and Arellano and Meghir (1992)). We find that the degree of intergenerational mobility of wages in Brazil is lower than the one observed in developed countries. The degree of mobility varies across regions and racial groups. Our results also show that wage mobility has been increasing for younger cohorts. We also find evidence of significant nonlinearities in the mobility pattern in Brazil and that the intergenerational transmission of education is related to wage mobility in several ways.
Because of several policy distortions, including import‐substitution industrialization, widespread government intervention, and both domestic and international competitive barriers, there has been a general presumption that Latin America has been much less productive than the leading economies in the last decades. In this paper we show, however, that until the late 1970s Latin American countries had high productivity levels relative to the United States. It is only after the late 1970s that we observe a fast decrease of relative total factor productivity (TFP) in Latin America. We also show that the inclusion of human capital in the production function makes a crucial difference in the TFP calculations for Latin America. (JEL O11, O47, O54)
Este artigo investiga a evolução da produtividade total dos fatores (PTF) para a economia brasileira no período de 1992 a 2007, utilizando uma medida de capital humano baseada em dados microeconômicos. Uma das principais contribuições deste artigo é a construção de uma medida específica de capital humano que permite mensurar tanto a evolução da participação dos diversos níveis de escolaridade e experiência do trabalhador no total de horas trabalhadas como a variação em sua produtividade ao longo do tempo. Os resultados mostram que a PTF teve um crescimento de apenas 11,3% entre 1992 e 2007, contribuindo com cerca de 22,9% do crescimento do PIB verificado no período. Outro resultado importante é que o capital humano da força de trabalho no Brasil manteve-se virtualmente estacionário durante o período sob análise. Isto ocorreu devido ao fato da elevação do componente de participação do capital humano ter sido compensada por uma redução do componente de produtividade. Por último, mostra-se que o aumento da oferta de trabalho qualificado é o fator que explica a queda da remuneração do capital humano. Em particular, a necessidade de mão-de-obra mais qualificada não parece ter imposto uma restrição ao crescimento da economia, já que sua oferta cresceu em ritmo superior à demanda. * Os autores agradecem os comentários de Almir Bittencourt, Carlos Eugênio da Costa, participantes do Encontro CAEN/EPGE de 2009, do XXXVI Encontro da Anpec, dos seminários da EPGE, do IPEA e do INSPER. Fernando Veloso agradece o apoio financeiro do CNPq. Erros remanescentes são de total responsabilidade dos autores.
This article presents a group of exercises of level and growth decomposition of output per worker using cross-country data from 1960 to 2000. It is shown that at least until 1975 factors of production (capital and education) were the main source of output dispersion across economies and that productivity variance was considerably smaller than in late years. Only after this date the prominence of productivity started to show up in the data, as the majority of the literature has found. The growth decomposition exercises showed that the reversal of relative importance of productivity vis-a-vis factors is explained by the very good (bad) performance of productivity of fast (slow) growing economies. Although growth in the period, on average, is mostly due to factors accumulation, its variance is explained by productivity. * The authors acknowledge the financial support of CNPq-Brazil and PRONEX.
In this paper we measure inequality of opportunity in daycare and preschool services in Brazil. For this purpose, we construct an opportunity index that modifies the human opportunity index proposed in the literature and used in Barros et al. (2009) to measure inequality in basic opportunities in Latin America and the Caribbean. Specifically, we construct an opportunity measure that includes not only attendance but also parental choice not to enroll children in daycare or preschool, using data from a supplementary questionnaire included in the 2006 version of Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). The results show that there are large differences between our opportunity index and the human opportunity index for children aged 0-3 years old and considerably smaller differences for children aged 4-6 years old, which suggests that preschool may be closer to a basic opportunity than daycare.
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