This paper presents pollen morphology of 12 native Brazilian species of Rutaceae from forest fragments of São Paulo, Brazil. The aim of this research is to expand the morphological knowledge of the species, thus contributing to taxonomic knowledge and, subsequently, conservation of species and the forest area. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, described qualitatively, and illustrated using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The studied species have differences in polarity, size, shape, aperture and exine ornamentation of the pollen grains, confirming the eurypalynous character of Rutaceae pollen. In particular, species of Zanthoxylum L. also presented significant differences in the pollen grains, confirming the morphological variation within the genus. The quantitative data and multivariate analysis confirm the morphological description; thus, the results reinforce the importance of pollen morphology in the identification and characterization of species of Rutaceae.
A new species, Conchocarpus hendrixii (tribe Galipeinae, Rutaceae), is described and illustrated. To date, this new species is known from populations observed in the municipalities of Cardoso Moreira and São Fidélis in Serra da Bandeira/Serra da Vista mountain ranges in northern Rio de Janeiro state in the Atlantic Rainforest biome and was brought to light as an undescribed species thanks to photographs shared on the social media site Facebook. The epithet “hendrixii” is in honor of Jimi Hendrix, guitarist and singer-songwriter, who wrote the song “Purple Haze,” in reference to the purple color of the flowers of the new species. Analyzes showed that flowers of the new species bear a staminal tube, a characteristic present only in C. odoratissimus among the Conchocarpus. However, this species bears flowers with much shorter staminal tubes (c. 2–2.5 mm in length v. 1–1.2 cm in the new species) and smaller flowers, among other morphologically dissimilar characteristics. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using nuclear (ITS-1 and IT-2) and plastidial markers (trnL-trnF and rps16 intron) were conducted and demonstrated that the new species belongs to an internal clade in Conchocarpus, together with species formerly assigned to Almeidea (currently included in Conchocarpus). The presence of pantoporate pollen grains, a synapomorphic trait to this clade supports the molecular results. Conservation status as well as data from foliar and floral (with an emphasis on the staminal tube) anatomy are presented.
RESUMO:Plantas ornamentais são espécies vegetais com potencial econômico utilizadas pela beleza de suas flores ou folhagens. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfologia polínica de espécies vegetais ornamentais as quais possivelmente são visitadas por abelhas em busca do néctar. Foram estudados os grãos de pólen de seis espécies ocorrentes no campus da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal (UNESP): Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw (Fabaceae), Cosmos sulphureus Cav (Asteraceae), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae), Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae), Lophanthera lactescens Duck (Malpighiaceae), Rhododendron simsii Planch. (Ericaceae). Por meio da unidade polínica (monâdes e tetrádes), do número e o tipo das aberturas (3-porados, 3-colporados e pantoporados), e da ornamentação da exina dos grãos de pólen(espinhosa, reticulada, estriada e psilada) foi possível identificar cada uma das espécies de plantas ornamentais aqui estudadas.Palavras-Chave: Plantas ornamentais. Grãos de pólen. Espécies melíferas. POLLEN MORPHOLOGY OF ORNAMENTAL SPECIES IN ASTERACEAE, ERICACEAE, FABACEAE, MALPIGHIACEAE, MALVACEAE AND RUBIACEAE SUMMARY:Ornamental plants are species with economic potential used by the beauty of their flowers or foliage. This study aimed to describe the pollen morphology of ornamental species which are possibly visited by bees looking for the nectar. Pollen grains of six species occurring on the campus of Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal (UNESP) were studied: Caesalpinia pulcherrima (L.) Sw (Fabaceae), Cosmos sulphureus Cav (Asteraceae), Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae), Ixora coccinea L. (Rubiaceae), Lophanthera lactescens Duck (Malpighiaceae), Rhododendron simsii Planch. (Ericaceae). The pollen unit (monads and tetrads), the number and type of aperture (3-porate, 3-colporate and pantoporated) and the exine ornamentation of the pollen grains (echinate, reticulate, striate and psilate) are characters which permit the identification of each species here studied.Keywords: Honey species. Ornamental plants. Pollen grains. INTRODUÇÃOAs espécies botânicas ornamentais são plantas cultivadas por sua beleza e exuberâncias em cores, característica de suas folhagens e pelo formato dos caules ou aspectos visualmente peculiares. Essas plantas são muito apreciadas na arquitetura de interiores e no paisagismo de jardins, parques e praças (BONDI, 1990;LORENZI;SOUZA, 2001).O território brasileiro é amplamente conhecido pela marcante biodiversidade de espécies vegetais nativas, e entre estas algumas plantas ornamentais possuem alto valor comercial (SIMISKI;
Gesneriaceae é uma das famílias mais antigas da ordem Lamiales e possuí aproximadamente 150 gêneros, entre eles, Sinningia Nees, com um grande número de espécies endêmicas do Brasil. Foram estudados os grãos de pólen de 27 espécies brasileiras de Sinningia com o objetivo de caracterizar e identificar dados polínicos que possam auxiliar na taxonomia da família, ampliando os conhecimentos sobre a diversidade polínica do gênero, a fim de fornecer subsídios para o melhor entendimento das relações entre as espécies e da evolução dos caracteres polínicos, assim como relacionar os dados obtidos nesse trabalho com as síndromes de polinização descritas para o gênero. O material analisado foi obtido a partir de espécimes depositados nos herbários SP, MBM, MBML, ESA, UEC e INPA e de material de cultivo do Sítio Primavera em Mogi das Cruzes-SP. Os grãos de pólen foram acetolisados, medidos, fotografados em microscopia óptica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e transmissão e descritos qualitativamente. Os dados quantitativos foram analisados por meio de estatísticas descritiva e multivariada. Para as espécies brasileiras de Sinningia estudadas foram observadas variações entre os grãos de pólen, principalmente quanto ao tamanho, âmbito, forma, comprimento dos colpos e ornamentação. Foram encontrados grãos de pólen pequenos, pequenos à médios e médios; isopolares; âmbito circular, circular-lobados, subcircular e subtriangular; oblato-esferoidais, prolato-esferoidais, subprolatos e prolatos; área polar muito pequena, pequena ou grande; 3-colporados; colpos muito curtos, curtos, longos e muito longos e estreitos; colpos às vezes contritos na região mediana; endoaberturas lolongadas; exina microrreticulada heterobrocada e homobrocada. Os dados obtidos confirmam o caráter estenopolínico do gênero, uma vez que as diferenças encontradas nos grãos de pólen são discretas e não permitem a identificação intragenérica.
Rutaceae (Sapindales) is represented by approximately 2040 species and 150-170 genera. Conchocarpus is the genus with the highest number of species and is circumscribed by a combination of character states, making it a polymorphic group. A recent study proposed a new genus, Dryades, formed by species formerly positioned in Conchocarpus. This study aims to describe the pollen morphology of Dryades species, comparing it with the palynology of phylogenetically related species, to present data that can characterize the species of Dryades. We analyzed the pollen grains of Dryades species and eight species of the genera Andreadoxa, Angostura, Erythrochiton, Galipea, Rauia and Conchocarpus. The pollen grains were acetolyzed, measured, described qualitatively, and analyzed quantitatively. Illustrations using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are presented. Multivariate analysis was performed. The pollen grains are monads, isopolar, medium to very large in size, with subcircular to subtriangular amb, and oblate-spheroidal to prolate shape. The apertures are 3-or 5-colporate, varying in size (very small to very large colpi). The endoapertures are usually lalongate, rarely circular. The pollen grains analyzed are microreticulate, reticulate, macroreticulate, reticulate-baculate, baculate or verrucate-baculate. Both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of pollen grains proved to be important in distinguishing genera and grouping species within genera (in particular, the number of apertures, the length of the ectoaperture, the exine ornamentation and the size of the pollen grains). Dryades species show similarities in pollen morphology to species of related genera such as Andreodoxa, Galipea and especially Rauia. The shape of pollen grains and the number of apertures in Dryades are distinct from those found in Conchocarpus macrophyllus. The pollen data observed in this study confirm the pollen diversity of Rutaceae.
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