Objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o potencial produtivo do pasto de Urochloa decumbens sob três arranjos silvipastoris mais o tratamento controle (monocultivo) além das características dendrométricas de Eucaliptus urophylla nos espaçamentos 3x2, 6x4 e 10x4 m dos 48 meses aos 66 meses pós-plantio do eucalipto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos completos casualizados, com quatro blocos e duas repetições por bloco. Para avaliar a forrageira e o eucalipto, foram utilizados os arranjos em parcelas subdivididas. Para avaliar as distâncias da linha de plantio do eucalipto de cada espaçamento, foi utilizado o arranjo em parcela subsubdividida. O acúmulo de forragem, taxa de acúmulo de forragem, altura e teor de matéria seca da forrageira foram maiores no monocultivo. O teor de proteína bruta foi maior no espaçamento 6x4 m. Os menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro foram encontrados nos tratamentos sombreados. A altura do eucalipto teve influência somente de idade. O diâmetro a altura do peito, diâmetro de copa foram maiores nos espaçamentos 6x4 e 10x4 m. A relação altura: diâmetro a altura do peito foi maior no espaçamento 3x2 m. O volume/planta foi maior no espaçamento 6x4 e 10x4 m, respectivamente. O volume/ha e incremento médio anual foram maiores no espaçamento 3x2 m. O espaçamento 6x4 m até os 5,5 anos de avaliação é o mais indicado para produção e qualidade de pasto e produção de madeira.
This research constitutes the first overview of the organic milk production chain in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main objective is to identify the profile of the producers, as well as their motivations and difficulties of remaining in the sector, plus to characterize the production units. Data were obtained through interviews with producers by a semi-structured questionnaire, from April to December of 2019. Data analysis was performed in a descriptive and exploratory manner, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The average size of properties was about 149.5 hectares. The daily average of milk production was 194.3 L/day. As for properties, 86% used mechanized milking and adopted forage and concentrate supplementation for lactating cows. It was found that obtaining organic inputs for animal feed is the most challenging difficulty for producers. Nevertheless, there was a low utilization of some areas on the properties, which could be used for the production of these organic inputs (voluminous and concentrated), and contribute to their self-sufficiency. This research constitutes the first overview of the organic milk production chain in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main objective is to identify the profile of the producers, as well as their motivations and difficulties of remaining in the sector, plus to characterize the production units. Data were obtained through interviews with producers by a semi-structured questionnaire, from April to December of 2019. Data analysis was performed in a descriptive and exploratory manner, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The average size of properties was about 149.5 hectares. The daily average of milk production was 194.3 L/day. As for properties, 86% used mechanized milking and adopted forage and concentrate supplementation for lactating cows. It was found that obtaining organic inputs for animal feed is the most challenging difficulty for producers. Nevertheless, there was a low utilization of some areas on the properties, which could be used for the production of these organic inputs (voluminous and concentrated), and contribute to their self-sufficiency.
Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar métodos para efetuar a quebra da dormência de sementes de Flemingia macrophylla (flemíngia) e Leucaena leucocephala (leucena). As sementes foram submetidas aos tratamentos: a) Escarificação manual com lixa; b) Imersão em H2SO4 98% durante cinco minutos; c) Imersão em H2O a 80°C durante 3 minutos; d) Pré-aquecimento a 60°C durante 150 minutos; e) Nitrato de potássio (KNO3 0,2%); f) Ácido giberélico (AG3 0,5%); g) Controle (sem quebra de dormência). Para as sementes de flemíngia o tratamento com H2SO4 obteve maior percentual de germinação, seguidos pela imersão em H2O à 80ºC e escarificação manual com lixa. As sementes de leucena submetidas à imersão em água a 80°C e em H2SO4 apresentaram maior porcentagem de germinação com relação aos demais tratamentos. Assim, o emprego de água quente para as sementes de leucena e a imersão em H2SO4 para as sementes de flemíngia foram os métodos mais indicados para realizar a superação da dormência de suas sementes.
This study aimed to evaluate the shading influence on production and qualitative traits of four tropical forage legumes (calopo, puero, archer and perennial soybean). Legumes were cultivated under levels of artificial shading (0; 30; 50 and 70%) from January 2006 to June 2007. Dry matter production (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), cellulose (CEL), hemicellulose (HEM) and lignin contents were evaluated. In the summer, increases in legumes DM yield were observed when grown under increasing shading levels. Calopo, puero, and archer production showed quadratic effect. Regression analysis derivation for dry matter yield showed levels of maximum values at 35.0; 33.78 and 45.45% in the summer and 34.94; 34.83 and 33.29% in the fall. Significant effect of species for CP, NDF, CEL, HEM and L/S (leaf/stem) ratio and shading level effect for NDF, CEL, HEM and L/S ratio were observed in the summer, however, no interaction was reported. In addition, significant effect of species for CP, NDF, CEL, HEM and L/S ratio was observed in the autumn. Only L/S ratio presented a negative response according to increasing shading levels. The shading promoted an increase in the fiber components and a decrease in the leaf/stem ratio, and the perennial soybean was the most tolerant to the increased shading.
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