Dairy activity in Brazil is in a process of intensification due to the low rates of financial profitability of the production systems. The search for increased profitability makes producers and technicians use management strategies that challenge animals to expose their full genetic potential. On the other hand, the increase in individual productivity can result in the occurrence of metabolic and physiological disturbances, such as udder edema. This disorder is characterized by excessive fluid accumulation in the intercellular spaces of the breast tissue and is more evident in primipara and peripartum. The disease causes discomfort, difficulty in walking, pain, a drop in food intake, and predisposes the animal to mastitis. The etiology of udder edema is not fully known, but studies show that diets rich in concentrates and high sodium and potassium intakes are predisposing factors for its occurrence. In this sense, the objective was to carry out a systematic literature review to assess and define classification standards for udder edema in dairy cows, which can be used in the field to guide the control and treatment of the disease. For the bibliographical survey, six documents were used that answered positively to the following question: Is it possible to carry out a standardized classification regarding the degrees of mammary gland edema in cattle? Difficulty was found in locating publications involving the classification of this disease, which is related to the scarcity of studies on udder edema.
This research constitutes the first overview of the organic milk production chain in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main objective is to identify the profile of the producers, as well as their motivations and difficulties of remaining in the sector, plus to characterize the production units. Data were obtained through interviews with producers by a semi-structured questionnaire, from April to December of 2019. Data analysis was performed in a descriptive and exploratory manner, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The average size of properties was about 149.5 hectares. The daily average of milk production was 194.3 L/day. As for properties, 86% used mechanized milking and adopted forage and concentrate supplementation for lactating cows. It was found that obtaining organic inputs for animal feed is the most challenging difficulty for producers. Nevertheless, there was a low utilization of some areas on the properties, which could be used for the production of these organic inputs (voluminous and concentrated), and contribute to their self-sufficiency. This research constitutes the first overview of the organic milk production chain in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The main objective is to identify the profile of the producers, as well as their motivations and difficulties of remaining in the sector, plus to characterize the production units. Data were obtained through interviews with producers by a semi-structured questionnaire, from April to December of 2019. Data analysis was performed in a descriptive and exploratory manner, with a quantitative and qualitative approach. The average size of properties was about 149.5 hectares. The daily average of milk production was 194.3 L/day. As for properties, 86% used mechanized milking and adopted forage and concentrate supplementation for lactating cows. It was found that obtaining organic inputs for animal feed is the most challenging difficulty for producers. Nevertheless, there was a low utilization of some areas on the properties, which could be used for the production of these organic inputs (voluminous and concentrated), and contribute to their self-sufficiency.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of ammoniation by urea on the nutritional value of elephant grass hay harvested after flowering. A completely randomized design, in double factorial designs with an additional treatment: 4 urea doses (2, 4, 6 and 8%) x 2 treatment periods (30 and 45 days) + 1 (Control) with four replicates each, was employed. Dry matter, ash, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, neutral detergent fiber corrected for the ash and the protein, total nitrogen, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen, in vitro gas production and carbohydrates fractionation were analyzed. The treatments influenced the contents of DM, EE, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose, NDFap, fraction A + B1, fraction B2, fraction C, TN, NPN, ADIN, NDIN, L and Vf2. There was a positive linear effect of urea dose for NDF, ADIN, NDIN and L, positive linear effect on fraction A + B1, NT and NPN, and positive quadratic effect for Vf2, with absolute maximum point of 4.5%. Elephant grass hay harvested after flowering has its nutritional value improved, with a minimum dose of 4.5% urea on a dry matter basis.
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da inclusão de níveis crescentes (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20%) de polpa cítrica peletizada (PCP) e melaço em pó (MP) na ensilagem de capim-elefante. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 10 tratamentos e cinco repetições. Determinou-se o conteúdo de matéria seca (MS), teores de proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (PIDA), carboidratos solúveis (CS), potencial hidrogeniônico (pH), nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3), perdas por efluentes (PE), perdas por gases (PG) e recuperação da matéria seca (RMS). Foram observados efeitos dos níveis de inclusão da PC e do MP sobre a massa de forragem ensilada. A PCP promoveu aumento de MS e CS, diminuição de FDN, FDA e LIG, e efeito quadrático para a PB. Observou-se redução na PE e PG, resultando em maior RMS com a inclusão deste aditivo. O MP aumentou o teor de MS e diminuiu a FDN, FDA e LIG linearmente. Entretanto, este aditivo promoveu aumento na PE e menor RMS. A PC proporcionou efeitos positivos sobre a silagem e sua inclusão até 10% melhora a qualidade nutricional e evita a redução do teor proteico do material. Por outro lado, o MP apresentou efeitos negativos sobre o teor proteico, perda por EFLU e produção de N.NH3, porém aumentou os teores de MS e CS, bem como as perdas via gás.
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