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This project was aimed to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among school children in Cairo governorates. Materials and Methods: This study was carried out in Cairo governorate where a list of the primary schools and the number of primary school children in Cairo governorate were obtained from the database of the Ministry of Education. Cairo governorate was divided into four regions according to geographical location, two and sometimes three schools were chosen randomly from each region using SAS computer software thus, 20 schools were included in this study and a total number of 1936 schoolchildren were included in this survey. Results: Distribution of Angle classification: this study showed that 497 children (25.7%) had accepted occlusion while, 997 children had Angle Class I malocclusion representing (51.5%) of the study sample, 318 children had Angle Class II malocclusion representing (16.4%) of the study sample while 115 children had Class III malocclusion representing (5.9%) of the study sample and 9 children had Class IV representing (0.5%) of the study sample. Overjet: The most frequent category was normal overjet (>0-3.5mm) which was found to be (71.8%). Anterior open bite (<0 mm) was found in (5.9%) of the total sample. Conclusion: Compared to previous Egyptian studies, there was a tendency toward decrease in the prevalence of accepted occlusion while, there was an increase in Angle Class II and III malocclusion.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, cleft types distribution and etiological risk factors among newly born babies with cleft lip and/or palate (CL±P) in four governorate of the Arab Republic of Egypt, beginning the 1st of January 2013 till the 31st of December 2013. Material and Methods: Total 237,783 newly born babies from Cairo (162174), Aswan (42880), Luxor (32729), and New Valley (877) governorate in the Arab Republic of Egypt were included in this study. Incidence of CL±P babies per 1000 births was calculated in each district for the four studied governorates. Percentage distribution of cleft types within each governorate. Chi-square test was used for determining significance of difference of incidence and percentages within and between the governorates. Results: The mean prevalence value of CL±P in the four Egyptian studied governorates was 0.40/1000. The highest percentage of cleft type was cleft lip and palate followed by cleft lip and isolated cleft palate. The highest etiological risk factor was maternal passive smoking in the four studied governorates followed by consanguineous marriage and medicine intake during pregnancy. Conclusion: These data provided a picture of the prevalence of CL±P in four different governorate of Egypt and also provided a useful reference for cleft types distribution and etiological risk factors of CL±P data in Egypt and internationally.

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This research aims to explore the potential interpretations of citizenship across seven years starts in 2011 and ends in 2017. The exploration focuses on the Egyptian media through three of the most popular online newspapers, "Al-Yom Al-Sabea, "Al-Masry Al-Yom" and "Al-Watan". The research is an attempt to detect the possible development of citizenship concept in its three main facets of rights that include the civic, the social, and the political aspects, besides the two dimensions of duties toward the state and the society. Three hypotheses suggest no correlation between presenting any citizenship facets and the discursive arguments that have been used to underpin articles about citizenship rights and duties. The findings indicate rejection of the three hypotheses with limited exceptions that are connected to the varied circumstances of the analysed year. The main conclusion is that there is an evidence that direct significant correlations exist between citizenship rights and duties debates and using a certain discursive argument as a persuasive framework.

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Aim of this study: to assess the pubertal growth spurt in a group of Alexandria school male adolescents, using the developmental stages of the middle phalanx of the middle finger (MP3), and to evaluate the skeletal maturity age differences between Alexandria male adolescents and other populations. Materials & Methods:A sample of 1100 male students for Alexandria was included in this study with age range from 11 to 16 years was collected. A Radiograph for the middle phalanx of the middle finger by digital dental radiograph for the assessment of MP3 maturation stages was taken for each subject. Results:The MP3-G stage (signifying the peak of pubertal growth spurt) was found with high prevalence in subjects aged >13-14 years with mean of age 13.76 y. Conclusion:1. The mean skeletal maturity age (MP3-G stage) that represents the peak of height velocity (PHV) in Egyptian adolescent males of Alexandria was found to be 13.76 y ± 1.15 years. 2 The newly digital radiography of the MP3 region is definitely an available, simple technique of high clarity, low radiation.

Background: little is recognized on the role eosinophils in the pathophysiology of acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Objective: To assess the relationship between eiosinophilic AECOPD and sputum inflammation and bacterial load. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was done on 80 out of 189 patients presented by clinical picture of AECOPD. Spirometry, total and differential leucocytic count (TLC), sputum bacterial load and culture were done for all participants. They were divided into two subgroups based on blood eosinophils %; eosinophil high AECOPD (≥2%) and eosinophil low AECOPD (˂ 2%). Results: Among the studied patients; 51.25% have eosinophil high and 48.75% have eosinophil low AECOPD. Patients with eosinophils high AECOPD had higher age, BMI, smoking status, smoking index, wheezes and FVC%, with more severe COPD and more severe AECOPD (p0.018) than those with eosinophil low AECOPD. In patients with eosinophil high AECOPD the blood TLC/cm 3 and neutrophil % were significantly lower, while lymphocyte % and eosinophil /cmm 3 were higher significantly than eosinophil low AECOPD (p 0.001 each). Regarding sputum inflammatory cells they had significant increase of sputum lymphocyte % and eosinophil/cm 3 and % with significant decrease of sputum neutrophils % (p˂0.05). In eosinophil high AECOPD subgroup the blood eosinophil /cmm 3 was positively correlated with age, BMI and smoking index, blood lymphocytes % eosinophils %, sputum lymphocytes % and sputum eosinophils and it was negatively correlated with blood TLC, blood and sputum neutrophils, FEV 1 /FVC ratio, FEV 1 % FEF25-75 % and FVC%. The sputum bacterial load was non-significantly lower in eosinophil high than eosinophil low AECOPD (61.0% vs. 74.4%, p=0.20).The type of the isolated bacteria didn't differ between both AECOPD subgroups (p=0.17). Conclusion: Eosinophilic AECOPD is common and it was related to airway inflammation and it didn't' affect sputum bacterial load or type of isolated bacterial species.