Objective: To investigate shoulder-rotator strength, internalrotation (IR) and external-rotation (ER) range of motion (ROM), and acromiohumeral distance (AHD) in asymptomatic adolescent volleyball attackers to determine if they have risk factors for injury.Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: University laboratory. Participants: Thirty-nine adolescent high school-aged volleyball attackers (22 boys, 17 girls; age ¼ 16.0 6 1.4 years, height ¼ 179.2 6 9.0 cm, mass ¼ 67.1 6 10.9 kg, body mass index ¼ 20.7 6 2.6 kg/m 2 ). Main Outcome Measure(s): Shoulder IR and ER ROM, total-rotation ROM, glenohumeral IR deficit, AHD, and concentric and eccentric strength of the shoulder internal and external rotators were tested bilaterally.Results: External-rotation ROM was greater (t 38 ¼ 4.92, P , .001), but IR ROM (t 38 ¼ À8.61, P , .001) and total ROM (t 38 ¼ À3.55, P ¼ .01) were less in the dominant shoulder, and 15 athletes had a glenohumeral IR deficit (IR ROM loss . 188). We observed greater concentric internal-rotator (t 38 ¼ 2.89, P ¼ .006) and eccentric external-rotator (t 38 ¼ 2.65, P ¼ .01) strength in the dominant than in the nondominant shoulder. The AHD was less in the dominant shoulder (t 38 ¼ À3.60, P , .001).Conclusions: Adolescent volleyball attackers demonstrated decreased IR ROM, total ROM, and AHD and increased ER ROM in their dominant shoulder. Therefore, routine screening of adolescent athletes and designing training programs for hazardous adaptive changes could be important in preventing shoulder injuries.Key Words: ultrasonography, sports, glenohumeral joint, muscle strength Key PointsAsymptomatic adolescent volleyball attackers demonstrated less internal-rotation range of motion (ROM), total ROM, and acromiohumeral distance and more external-rotation ROM in the dominant than in the nondominant shoulder, which might put them at risk for shoulder injuries. Routinely screening adolescent athletes and designing training programs to address hazardous adaptive changes could help prevent shoulder injuries.
The effects of total aflatoxin (AF) given orally on liver in Merino rams were studied. In addition, this study was conducted in order to evaluate the efficacy of an esterified glucomannan (EG) for protection against aflatoxicosis. One-year-old 32 Merino rams were divided into four equal groups. The control group (C) was fed with the commercial feed. The AF group was fed with commercial feed plus 250 μg/day of total AF. The EG group was fed with commercial feed plus 2 g/day of EG. The AF + EG group was fed with commercial feed plus 250 μg/day of total AF and 2 g/day of EG. After feeding period, tissue samples were taken from the liver in order to perform histological analyses. Vacuolar degeneration with small and large droplets and hydropic degeneration in hepatocytes were observed in the AF group. The ceroid pigmentation was observed in macrophages in groups or one by one. It was observed that the fat rate in hepatocytes was 2.6% in the C group, 35.5% in the AF group, 2.9% in the EG group, and 9.6% in the AF + EG group. In conclusion, the adverse effects caused by aflatoxicosis on the liver could be ameliorated by adding EG to the ration.
ÖZETBu çalışma orta yaşlı sedanter bayanlara 8 haftalık aerobik (koş-yürü) egzersiz programının vücut kompozisyonu ve kan lipidleri üzerine etkisini incelemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Denekler; pre menopoz yaş ortalamaları 39,13±5,41 yıl olan 15 gönüllü-sağlıklı sedanter bayandan oluşturuldu. Çalışmaya katılan denekler çalışma süresince başka bir egzersiz programı uygulamamaları yönünde uyarıldılar. Deneklere haftada 3 gün 30-45 dakika süreli aerobik egzersiz programı uygulandı. Egzersizin şiddeti % 40-60 olarak Karvonen metodu ile belirlendi. Deneklerin egzersiz programı öncesi ve sonrası vücut ağırlığı, istirahat kalp atım sayısı,vücut yağ yüzdesi ve kan lipidleri ölçümleri yapıldı.Verilerin istatistiksel analizleri paried t-testi ile yapıldı. Çalışma sonunda, deneklerin vücut ağırlığı, istirahat kalp atım sayısı,vücut yağ yüzdeleri ve LDL-Kolesterol'ünde çalışma öncesine göre anlamlı bir azalma, HDLKolesterol değerlerinde ise anlamlı bir artış (P<0,05) tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, düzenli ve uzun süreli yapılan aerobik egzersizin orta yaş bayanlarda vücut kompozisyonu ve kan lipid parametreleri pozitif etkilere sebep olduğu saptanmıştır.Bu nedenle bu tip aerobik antrenmanların kardiovasküler risk faktörlerinden korunma ve vücut kompozisyonunun düzenlenmesi açısından etkili olduğu söylenebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Egzersiz, Vücut Kompozisyonu, Kan Lipidleri,Sedanter THE EFFECTS OF 8 WEEKS AEROBIC EXERCISE PROGRAM ON BODY COMPOSITION AND BLOOD LIPIDS OF MIDDLE AGED SEDENTARY FEMALES SUMMARYThe purpose of this study was to asses the effect of 8 weeks aerobic (jog-walk) exercise program on body composition and blood lipids of sedentary middle aged females. Subjects of the study composed of 15 voluntary healthy sedentary females mean aged 39,13±5,41 years who were in pre-menopausal phase. Exercise they were warned not to participate in any other exercise programs during 8 weeks period.The subjects performed aerobic exercise program three sessions per week and each session lasted 30-45 min. The intensity of exercise was 40-60 % which was determined by Carvonen method.The body weight, resting heart rate, body fat percentage and blood lipids mesurements were done before and after exercise program. Statistical analysis of data were done by using paired t-test. At the end of the study, results indicated that although there were significant decreases in body weight, resting heart rate, body fat percentage and LDL-C values (P<0.05, there were significant increases (P<0.05) in HDL-C values.Consequently, this study supported that aerobic exercise which was performed properly and in long period lead to positive effect on body composition and blood lipid parameters of middle aged females. For this reason, it can be claimed that this type of aerobic exercises have important role to prevent cardiovascular risk factors and to control body composition. Key Words : Exercise,Body Composition , Blood Lipids,Sedentary GİRİŞ VE AMAÇGünlük yaşantımıza makinelerin girmesi, evlerde iş kolaylaştıran aletlerin çoğalması, ulaşım kolaylıla...
A AB BS ST TR RA AC CT T O Ob bj je ec ct ti iv ve e: : To analyze performance measures of the orienteers including, static and dynamic balance, agility, speed, flexibility, knee muscle strength, aerobic and anaerobic performance and to set the differences between adolescents, young adults and adults. M Ma at te er ri ia al l a an nd d M Me et th ho od ds s: : 31 male orienteering players included in the study. First group consisted of adolescents aged between 15-19 years (n=9), second group consisted of young adults aged between 20-24 years (n=11), third group consisted of adults aged between 25-30 years (n=11). Isokinetic knee muscle strength testing, sit and reach test, star excursion balance test, 20 meter sprint test , flamingo balance test, vertical jump and reach test, T-drill test and 20 meters shuttle run test were performed in two sessions. R Re e--s su ul lt ts s: : MaxVO 2 levels and flexor and extensor peak torques of nondominant legs at 120°/sec were different among groups, respectively (p=0.006, p=0.01, p=0.003). The differences in MaxVO2 levels were between adolescents and young adults (p=0.007) and between adolescents and adults (p=0.002). The differences flexor and extensor peak torques of nondominant legs at 120 °/sec were between adolescents and young adults respectively (p=0.02, p=0.02). Extensor peak torque of nondominant legs at 120°/sec was different between young adults and adults (p=0.001). Other performance measures were not different among groups (p>0.05). C Co on nc cl lu us si io on n: : It was seen that late adolescents have similar performance capacity when compared with young adults and adults except aerobic power and knee muscle strength of nondominant legs at 120°/sec. Aerobic capacity and knee muscle strength of nondominant legs should be increased by training. K Ke ey y W Wo or rd ds s: : Muscle strength; power; adolescence; orienteering Ö ÖZ ZE ET T A Am ma aç ç: : Oryantiring sporcularının statik ve dinamik denge, çeviklik, esneklik, hız, diz kas kuvveti, aerobik ve anaerobik gücü içeren performans ölçümlerini incelemek ve ergen, genç erişkin ile yetişkin grupları arasındaki farkları ortaya koymak. G Ge er re eç ç v ve e Y Yö ön nt te em ml le er r: : 31 erkek oryantiring sporcusu çalışmaya alındı. Birinci grup 15-19 yaş arasındaki ergenlerden (n=9), ikinci grup 20-24 yaş arasındaki genç erişkinlerden (n=11), üçüncü grup 25-30 yaş arasındaki yetişkin-lerden (n=11) oluştu. İzokinetik diz kas kuvveti değerlendirmesi, otur-uzan testi, yıldız denge testi, flamingo denge test, dikey sıçrama testi, T-çeviklik testi ve 20 metre mekik koşu testleri iki seans içinde yapıldı. B Bu ul lg gu ul la ar r: : Gruplar arasında MaxVO2 düzeyleri ve dominant olmayan bacağın 120°/sn hızda fleksör ve ekstansör tepe torkları farklı bulundu (p=0,006, p=0,01, p=0,003). MaxVO 2 düzeylerindeki fark ergen ve genç erişkinler arasında (p=0,007) ve ergen ile yetişkinler arasında bulundu (p=0,002). Dominant olmayan bacağın 120°/sn hızda fleksör ve ekstansör tepe torkları ergenler ve genç erişkinler arasın...
Sunset yellow (SY) at prescribed concentrations has been approved by regulatory authorities in several countries as an additive dye in the food, beverage, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. However, there are some reports that it may cause several health problems. The aim of this study is to evaluate embryotoxic effects of SY on liver and kidney in chick embryos. Babcock white Leghorn eggs were randomly divided into four groups. Non-treated eggs served as control group. The eggs in groups SY200, SY1000, and SY2000 were treated with a single injection of 200, 1000, and 2000 ng SY into the air sac just before incubation. The developmental stages of embryos were determined on the 10th, 13th, 16th, and 21st days of incubation. Samples of the liver and kidney were taken and routine histological procedures were performed. The highest relative embryo weight was seen in all SY treated groups on the 16th day of incubation. Necrosis of some hepatocytes and cytoplasmic degenerations were observed in all SY groups in the liver. There were degenerated or destructed renal cortex structures and necrosis in the kidney. The cell’s nuclear areas and diameters of renal cortex structures were different in all SY groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). It was concluded that in ovo administered SY has many unfavorable effects on liver and kidney in chick embryos. The results obtained in this study suggest that it may be advisable to re-assess safety levels of SY in many industries.
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