Covid-19 Issue of rural areas students Internet expenditure HEC policy Pakistan. Contribution/ Originality: The contribution of this study which has investigated the impact of Covid-19 on education of rural area of student: moderating role of HEC policy and internet service in case of Pakistan. This study contributes in Covid-19 literature and gives the solution of problem which Pakistani student face in rural area in case of online classes and internet service. 1. INTRODUCTION First, World Health Organization was declaring the disease with the name of novel corona virus on December 8 in the city of Wuhan, China that made panic in everywhere (Zu et al., 2020) At that time, China was ready to celebrate their New Year "Spring Festival", when the virus was spread rapidly with the movement of people one city to another city (Chen, Yang, Yang, Wang, & Bärnighausen, 2020). When this festival come people move to their home cities, due to this shuffling/movement of people this virus spread all over the world. So, the result of this movement, this virus spread dreadful effects on human body and economic (Baker et al., 2020).
Objectives: This study has been designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of healthcare workers at Mayo Hospital regarding biomedical waste segregation. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Teaching Hospital of King Edward Medical University Lahore, Pakistan. Period: February 2018 to January 2019. Material & Methods: Structured questionnaires in English and Urdu were employed to collect data from healthcare workers (nurses and doctors) on duty in different wards of Mayo Hospital. The demographics, level of knowledge, practices and attitude regarding biomedical waste segregation are reported using descriptive statistics. The comparison of doctors and nurses is done using chi-square. Results: Significantly fewer number of doctors correctly identified the container for bio hazardous waste (p=0.016), while majority (89.4%) of respondents were able to correctly identify the container for sharps and general waste. Significantly more (p=0.00) number of nurses had training in waste segregation as compared with doctors. Majority (95.0%) of nurses acknowledged that guidelines regarding waste segregation were available in their departments, whereas significantly lesser number (64.5%) of doctors acknowledged existence of guidelines at their workplace (p=0.00). 21.3% of respondents claimed to have acquired infection from waste with no statistical difference between the two groups (p=0.19). A minority of the participants agreed that the practices were satisfactory (14.6%) and the required equipment was available (27.7%), yet there was a significant difference between the responses of doctors and nurses with the nurses being more satisfied with the available facilities and equipment (p=0.00) than doctors. Conclusion: The knowledge of the healthcare workers regarding waste segregation is better than their practices, nonetheless there is a dire need to improve the quality of training of these health care workers in and emphases must be put on ensuring that correct practices are adopted.
In settings where an individual's labor choices are constrained, the inability to work may generate psychosocial harm. This paper presents a causal estimate of the psychosocial value of employment in the Rohingya refugee camps of Bangladesh. We engage 745 individuals in a field experiment with three arms: (1) a control arm, (2) a weekly cash arm, and (3) a gainful employment arm, in which work is offered and individuals are paid weekly the approximate equivalent of that in the cash arm. We find that employment confers significant psychosocial benefits beyond the impacts of cash alone, with effects concentrated among males. The cash arm does not improve psychosocial wellbeing, despite the provision of cash at a weekly amount that is more than twice the amount held by recipients in savings at baseline. Consistent with these findings, we find that 66% of those in our work treatment are willing to forego cash payments to instead work for free. Our results have implications for social protection policies for the unemployed in low income countries and refugee populations globally.
This study explores the nexus between Gross Domestic Product and the Human Development Index in the case of eleven selected Middle East countries. Panel data has been utilized from the period of 1991-2017. By using fixed and random effect models, the Human Development Index is taken as a dependent variable and gross domestic product, population, unemployment and inflation as independent variables. The result supports the random-effect model. The finding shows that the Human Development Index has a negative and significant relationship between Gross Domestic Product and Inflation. With the dependent variable, the population has an insignificant relation. Moreover, unemployment has a positive relationship with the Human Development Index.
There are two main possible approaches for the construction of a risk mapping. The first one consists to identify the risks of the company, and the second is based on a census of risks by the Executive Committee. These two approaches are complementary. In the top-down approach, the major risks are identified by the members of the Executive Committee, with regard to the strategy followed by the insurance company. The Risks are then attached to the process of the activity. In the bottom-up approach, the census of the processes of the company establishes the starting point of the process. This article aims to present the outline of the two approaches, Top-Down and Bottom-Up, and apply them to risk management in insurance. The idea is to define a methodology to assess the risks associated with different processes, and rank them in order of priority in a risk mapping.
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