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Recent concern for human safety and environmental protection has rekindled interest in natural pigment sources. In comparison to synthetic pigments, microbial pigments show better biodegradability and environmental compatibility and are used in a variety of applications ranging from food to cosmetics. The areas of attention for economical pigment synthesis include the identification of novel microbiological sources and improvement of process parameters. The purpose of this research was to screen and identify microbial isolates capable of generating pigments with antimicrobial activity from a variety of soil samples. A total of six pigment-producing bacterial sps were able to isolate from various soil samples such as bore well digging sites, river shores, river beds, forest areas, dumping yards using the enrichment culture technique. All the isolates were morphologically and biochemically identified as Micrococcus sp producing two-color pigments i.e., yellow and orange, Serratia sp producing red and pink color pigments, Salinococcus sp producing orange color pigment, and Exiguobacterium sp producing yellow color pigment respectively. During optimization studies maximum pigment production was observed at pH 7, agitation at 90 rpm (rotations per minute) and 120 rpm, the temperature of 30°C and 37°C, inoculum size up to 2% with NaCl concentration of 2%, 4%, and 6% respectively. Optimization of nutritional parameters such as carbon source and nitrogen source it was found that glucose (1%) and yeast extract (0.1%) work the best. Extraction of the pigment from the fermented broth was done by solvent-solvent extraction method. UV-Visible spectrophotometry and Silica gel Thin-layer chromatography was used to detect the presence of carotene and prodigiosin in the extracted bacterial pigment. The crude bacterial pigments were tested for antimicrobial activity against clinical pathogens including E. coli, Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp, Staphylococcus sp, and pseudomonas sp respectively. Among all the isolates, pigments of Micrococcus sp and Salinococcus sp showed comparatively good results. Further purification of the pigment will lead to discovering a promising drug in the pharmaceutical industry.

Objectives: Acute leukaemia is the most common and highly curable childhood malignancy; subtyping and identification of antigens via immunophenotyping helps in treatment plan as well as minimal residual disease monitoring. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Haematology section of the clinical laboratories of Ziauddin University Hospital and The Indus Hospital, Karachi conducted at January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2017. The study included 1379 cases of de novo acute leukemia from 2012 to 2017. Among these, 80% were diagnosed by using four color flowcytometry (FACS Calibur), 9% and 11% via immunohistochemistry on bone marrow trephine biopsy samples and morphological examination respectively. Results: The mean age of patients was 7.4 ± 4.3 years while male to female ratio was 1.75:1. Lymphoblastic leukaemia accounted for 77.2% and myeloid leukaemia 21.2%. Amongst lymphoblastic lineage, B-ALL was 80.4% while T-ALL was 19.6%. Among the phenotypic expression of B-ALL, CD79a (99.8%) had the highest positivity. In B-ALL, CD13 (29.8%) was the most common aberrant myeloid marker. Aberrant expression of CD79a observed in 11.1% of T-ALL cases. In non APL AML, aberrant expression of CD79a and CD19 was observed in 6.6% and 5.5% of cases respectively. Conclusion: Overall immunophenotypic profile, expression of aberrant phenotypes and subtype distribution in our patients was similar to international literature except for a relatively high frequency of T-ALL which was discordant from the western data. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3552 How to cite this:Jamal S, Meraj F, Mansoor N, Parveen S, Shaikh A, Jabbar N. Distribution of subtypes and immunophenotypic characterization of 1379 cases of paediatric acute leukaemia. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(3):---------.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.3.3552 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Objective: To determine frequency of post induction and post consolidation minimal residual disease (MRD) in pediatric B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) patients and its association with clinical risk factors. Methods: This is a retrospective, cross sectional study carried out at the Indus Hospital on paediatric patients (1-17 years) was performed from May 2015 to January 2018. On day 35, MRD testing was done on bone marrow aspirate using 4 color flow cytometer with 0.01% cut off. Positive cases were retested at post consolidation. Data was collected for demographics, total leukocyte count (TLC), central nervous system status (CNS), Cytogenetics for BCR-ABL, MLL, TEL-AML by FISH and prophase response then analyzed in association to MRD status. Results: Out of 362 patients, 133 (37%) were post induction MRD positive, with no statistically significant association to age, gender, TLC, CNS status, prophase response, BCR-ABL and TEL-AML1. However, MLL showed closely significant association (p-value=0.05). Post consolidation, 49 (44%) were MRD positive; age, National cancer institute (NCI) risk groups and CNS status showed statistical significance (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Despite high frequency of MRD positivity, significant association is not observed between post induction MRD and risk factors. However, post consolidation MRD has a significant association with NCI risk groups, age and CNS status. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.ICON-Suppl.1721 How to cite this:Meraj F, Jabbar N, Nadeem K, Taimoor M, Mansoor N. Minimal residual disease in childhood B Lymphoblastic Leukemia and its correlation with other risk factors. Pak J Med Sci. Special Supplement ICON 2020. 2020;36(1):S20-S26.  doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.ICON-Suppl.1721 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Background & Objective: Determination of hemoglobinopathies is significant for epidemiological studies. There is a need to identify burden of hemoglobinopathies at national level to lay down the foundation of appropriate screening and prevention programs. The present study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of hemoglobinopathies along with hematological and biochemical parameters in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This retrospective study included results of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) test from July 2015 - May 2020 in the department of Hematology, Indus Hospital and Health Network, Karachi, Pakistan. Data of all patients collected for red blood cell (RBC) indices, serum iron profile, and vitamin B12 and red cell folate levels. Diagnosis of hemoglobinopathies was done by an automatic analyzer ADAMS A1C Model No. HA-8180T Arkray/Japan. Results: Among 2422 participants, hemoglobinopathy observed in 14.5% (n=352). Beta thalassemia trait is observed as the most common hemoglobinopathy (6.4%). Severe anemia (Hb=5.1-5.5 g/dl) found in beta thalassemia major (BTM) and HbE disease. Red cell parameters showed significant association with different types of hemoglobinopathies. Mean ferritin level was high in E-beta thalassemia (687.8±591.9) followed by sickle cell disease (615.7±543.5). Conclusion: Apparently, overall frequency is static however, results of this study are not applicable to general population due to sample bias. Moreover, true figures are difficult to identify due to high incidence of iron deficiency anemia that masks the diagnosis by conventional techniques. Molecular characterization by DNA analysis is the most reliable tool of diagnosis. However, this method is not widely available in our country due to lack of expertise and cost issues. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.8.5935 How to cite this:Mansoor N, Meraj F, Shaikh A, Jabbar N. Spectrum of hemoglobinopathies with hematological and biochemical profile: A five year experience from a tertiary care hospital. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(8):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.8.5935 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Lymphangioma is a relatively uncommon benign tumour occurring due to malformation of the lymphatic vessels. Lymphangioma in adults is a rare occurrence. Intraoral lymphangiomas occur most frequently on the dorsal tongue and rarely on the palate, buccal mucosa, gingiva and lips. Clinically, lymphangiomas of the oral cavity usually have a plaque formed of small thin-walled vesicles and similar in surface to frog eggs. We present a case of lymphangioma of the tongue in a 34-year-old male who presented with complaints of painless swelling in his tongue with difficulty in speaking for the last 25 days. CT scan revealed a lobulated sharp-contoured soft tissue communicating with the superficial planes with minimum vascularity in colour doppler studies. En masse excision of the firm, solid erythematous mass was performed which microscopically showed multiple dilated endothelial lined vessels filled with a proteinaceous fluid and lymphocytes. A diagnosis of lymphangioma of the tongue was given.