Background Previous studies conducted on the association between diabetes and the risk of endometrial cancer have reported controversial results that have raised a variety of questions about the association between diabetes and the incidence of this cancer. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to more precisely estimate the effect of diabetes on the risk of endometrial cancer incidence. Methods All original articles were searched in international databases, including Medline (PubMed), Web of sciences, Scopus, EMBASE, and CINHAL. Search was done from January 1990 to January 2018 without language limitations. Also, logarithm and standard error logarithm relative risk (RR) were used for meta-analysis. Results A total of 22 cohort and case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis, of which 14 showed statistically significant associations between diabetes and risk of endometrial cancer. Diabetes was associated with increased risk of endometrial cancer (RR = 1.72, 95% CI 1.48–2.01). The summary of RR for all 9 cohort studies was 1.56 (95% CI 1.21–2.01), and it was 1.85 (95% CI 1.53–2.23) for 13 case control studies. The summary of RR in hospital-based studies was higher than other studies. Thirteen of the primary studies-controlled BMI as a confounding variable, and the combined risk of their results was 1.62 (95% CI 1.34–1.97). Conclusions Diabetes seems to increases the risk of endometrial cancer in women, and this finding can be useful in developing endometrial cancer prevention plans for women having diabetes.

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The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of childhood obesity and overweight in Iranian children under 5 years of age using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CINHAL, and the Iranian databases, including Scientific Information Database (www.sid.ir), Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (Irandoc.ac.ir), Iranmedex (www.iranmedex.com), and Magiran (www.magiran.com), for all articles published between January 1989 and August 2017. Sources of heterogeneity were determined using subgroup analysis and meta-regression. Results: Six articles were ultimately included in the meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence, based on which the prevalence of obesity and overweight were estimated to be 8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6%-10%) and 9% (95% CI, 7%-11%), respectively. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the prevalence of obesity in boys and girls was 9% (95% CI, 6%-13%) and 7% (95% CI, 4-10%), respectively, and the prevalence of overweight in boys and girls was 10% (95% CI, 5%-15%) and 9% (95% CI, 5%-13%), respectively. Conclusion: Despite high heterogeneity among the results of the articles included in the meta-analysis, the prevalence of obesity and overweight is higher in Iranian children under 5 years of age. Therefore, parents and the health system must pay more attention to the lifestyle, nutritional habits, and physical activity of these children.

Previous studies have investigated the challenges of clinical trials only in the conducting step. Most of these studies reported challenges in developing countries. →What this article adds: This study provided a comprehensive review of the challenges of clinical trial studies in different steps including design, conducting, analysis, and reporting in both developing and developed countries.

Background:The worldwide emergence and rapid expansion of COVID-19 emphasizes the need to assess the knowledge gap and to predict the disease-related behaviors and reactions during this epidemic.Methods and design: COVID19 Population Survey of Iran (COPSIR) is a repeated cross sectional survey that will be conducted in 8 waves. In each wave, 515 Iranian adults aged 18 years or older will be randomly selected and interviewed by phone. The study waves will be performed at approximately weekly intervals. The survey tool is adapted from COSMO (COVID-19 Snapshot MOnitoring) study. This study will provide information on trends of knowledge, risk perception, preventive behaviors, psychological problems, essential needs, and public trust among Iranian adults during COVID-19 epidemic.Discussion:The key findings of each wave will be immediately reported to the National Headquarters for Coronavirus Control to set better policies for disease control and prevention. Moreover, if a message is extracted from the results of this study that needs to be communicated to the public, it will be done through the mass media.

Introduction Multidisciplinary care after bariatric surgery is essential for long-term safety and optimal weight loss. However, many patients do not participate in routine postoperative follow-ups. We have explored the determinants of patients’ adherence to scheduled follow-up visits after bariatric surgery. Method A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients who underwent bariatric surgery from 2009 to 2019. Cohort participants with a proportion of attendance above the median were compared with those below the median in the first-year post-operation and the period after that. We assumed that the contribution of each predefined session to the overall attendance at eligible sessions is not equal. We weighted each predefined session by the proportion of attendance of all cohort members scheduled for that session. We then calculated the proportion of attendance for each individual at each period. Discriminatory logistic regression was used to identify factors separating adherers from non-adherers. Results We followed 5245 patients who underwent bariatric surgery for up to 10 years. The median follow-up was 2 years. Patients with the following characteristics were more likely to comply with the postoperative attendance schedule: female sex, older age, higher body mass index at the first visit, non-smoker, readmission after surgery, being operated in a general hospital, and one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery type. Comorbidities did not significantly affect patients’ adherence to the predefined follow-up schedules. Conclusion Younger male smokers are more likely non-adherers. Patients with comorbidities are not at an increased risk of missing predefined postoperative follow-up visits. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11695-022-06428-8.