Purpose of Review-We identified and quantified the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that have assessed the impact of egg consumption on blood pressure in adults.Recent Findings-We conducted a comprehensive search of medical bibliographic databases up to February 2019 for RCTs investigating the effect of egg consumption on blood pressure in adults. Fifteen RCTs were included with a total of 748 participants. Overall, egg consumption had no significant effect on systolic blood pressure (weighted mean difference (WMD) = 0.046 mmHg; 95% CI − 0.792, 0.884) and diastolic blood pressure (WMD = − 0.603 mmHg; 95% CI − 1.521, 0.315). Subgroup analyses had no effect on pooled results and no heterogeneity was found among included studies. Summary-Egg consumption has no significant effects on systolic and diastolic blood pressure in adults. Due to several limitations among existing studies, general conclusions cannot be drawn regarding the beneficial or neutral impact of egg consumption on blood pressure in adults.Sepideh Soltani, S.soltani1979@yahoo.com. Author Contribution RKM screened and selected the trials, extracted the data, and wrote the manuscript. MM screened and selected the trials, extracted the data, and assessed quality of included studies. ZSC reviewed and edited the manuscript. SZS screened the trials. NP screened and selected the trials and assessed quality of included studies. MKS screened the trials. SS conceived the idea, conducted the research, analyzed the data, and performed statistical analysis and had primary responsibility for final content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Background: Irritable bowel syndrome refers to a subgroup of disorders of gut–brain interaction associated with stress-related symptoms, but gastrointestinal infection can also be considered the leading risk factor. It is well reported that coronavirus disease 2019 can also result in gastroenteritis. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the incidence of post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome and stressful status among coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on adults with coronavirus disease 2019 referred to the Infectious Disease Clinic in Iran from November 2020 to February 2021. Patients who met all eligibility criteria were included in the study. The data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Rome IV criteria questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results: Totally, the data obtained from 233 eligible patients (136 women, 97 men; mean age 38.41) 11.52 (years) were collected and analyzed, and 53.2% of the cases had a moderate coronavirus disease 2019. The analysis showed that 27 (11.6%) patients suffered from irritable bowel syndrome symptoms based on Rome IV criteria after the recovery from the infection. Also, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-based symptoms of depression and anxiety that occurred with coronavirus disease 2019 were reported in 27.4% and 36.9%, respectively. Conclusion: Our finding illustrated that irritable bowel syndrome symptoms based on Rome IV could occur in post-infected coronavirus disease 2019 patients. Also, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-based symptoms of depression and anxiety were more common in females and coronavirus disease 2019 infected patients with clinical symptoms including cough, shortness of breath, and sore throat.

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study aimed to evaluate whether vitamin D deficiency is associated with the severity of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients. Stress and gut inflammation can increase the serum level of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), leading to a change in bowel movements. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and psychological effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on the symptom improvement of patients with a diarrhea-predominant form of IBS (IBS-D). <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Eighty-eight IBS-D patients (age: 18–65 years) based on Rome IV criteria who suffered from vitamin D deficiency and/or insufficiency were enrolled in this randomized, placebo-controlled trial from February 2017 to May 2018 at Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Participants were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group received 50,000 IU vitamin D3 weekly and the control group received a placebo for 9 weeks. All patients received Mebeverine 135 mg twice a day besides supplementation. The IBS Severity Score System (IBS-SSS), serum 25(OH) vitamin D3, CRH, and IL-6 were measured before and after interventions. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Seventy-four patients completed the study. The severity of IBS symptoms (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01) and IL-6 (<i>p</i> = 0.02) decreased significantly in the intervention group as compared to the control group, but there was no significant difference in the serum level of CRH. Also, in the treatment group, IBS-SSS and IL-6 were significantly reduced at the end of the study from baseline (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.01 and <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.03, respectively). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Our findings indicate that vitamin D3 supplementation can modulate the serum level of CRH and IL-6 and can improve symptoms in IBS-D patients. Vitamin D3 supplementation should be considered in IBS-D patients who suffer from vitamin D deficiency and/or insufficiency.

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There is little evidence about whether eggs affect inflammation. The aim of this meta‐analysis was to explore the effects of egg consumption on inflammation. A systematic search of online databases (Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Scopus, Ovid, PubMed, Cochrane) was used to gather clinical trials that assessed the effect of egg consumption on circulating inflammatory biomarkers. Using a random‐effects model, pooled weighted mean differences (WMD) and corresponding standard deviations (SD) were calculated. Of the 21 eligible studies found, nine trials were eligible for analysis. Eight trials assessed high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP), four trials assessed interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), and five trials assessed tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). Egg consumption did not affect hs‐CRP (WMD 0.24 mg/L; 95% CI: ‐0.43, 0.90; I2 = 53.8; P = 0.48), IL‐6 (WMD 0.20 pg/mL; 95% CI: ‐0.71, 1.11; I2 = 69.3; P = 0.50), and TNF‐α (WMD: ‐0.38 pg/mL; 95% CI: ‐0.87, 0.10; I2 = 0.00; P = 0.12) relative to controls. Overall, this meta‐analysis revealed that egg consumption had no significant effect on serum biomarkers of inflammation in adults. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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Backgrounds and aims One of the most important risk factors for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is nutrition. Balanced diets with high antioxidant properties may have protective effects against the consequences of this infection. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between the dietary antioxidant index and the risk of H. pylori infection among adults. Methods In a case–control study the dietary intake of patients with H. pylori infection was compared with healthy subjects. The dietary antioxidant index (DAI) was calculated using dietary intakes derived from a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Demographic information was obtained by a related questionnaire and Physical Activity was measured by International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) were used to obtain information. Using logistic regression models, we evaluated the association between the DAI and H. pylori infection risk. The significance level was determined as P < 0.05. Results Finally, dietary data of 148 cases and 302 controls (mean age: 38.72 ± 10.61 (were analyzed. The mean of total DAI was significantly higher in controls (7.67) when compared with H. pylori cases (3.57) (P < 0.001). After adjustment for covariates, participants with less than median DAI values had an increased risk of H. pylori onset (adjusted OR 1.08, 95% CI: 1.02–1.12, P < 0.001). Conclusions Appropriate intake of nutrient antioxidants may have a role in decreasing the likelihood of H. pylori infection risk.

Increasing macular pigment optical density (MPOD) as a result of increased macular concentration of lutein and zeaxanthin may reduce the risk of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). The aim of the present study was to determine whether the consumption of eggs, a rich source of dietary lutein and zeaxanthin, influences MPOD and serum lutein. In this systematic review and meta‐analysis we searched PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science up to July 2020, for relevant randomized clinical trials. Using a random‐effects model, pooled weighted mean differences, and standard deviations (SDs) for each outcome were obtained. The quality of the eligible studies was assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. A meta‐analysis of five trials (296 participants) revealed that egg consumption significantly increased MPOD (weighted mean differences (WMD): +0.037; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.069; P = 0.027) and serum lutein (WMD: +0.150 μmol L̂‐1; 95% CI: 0.037, 0.263; P = 0.009). Subgroup analyses showed that egg consumption: (a) had a larger effect on MPOD in studies with a parallel design; and (b) increased serum lutein to a greater extent in a healthy population. We did not detect any heterogeneity between studies. Daily egg consumption has beneficial effects on MPOD and serum lutein is inversely associated with reduced AMD progression. Further clinical trials are required to confirm the results of this study. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry