A comprehensive and quantitative study of the dynamic process of lipid–DNA conjugate modification onto cell membranes.

Precisely determining the intracellular concentrations of metabolites and signaling molecules is critical in studying cell biology. Fluorogenic RNA‐based sensors have emerged to detect various targets in living cells. However, it is still challenging to apply these genetically encoded sensors to quantify the cellular concentrations and distributions of targets. Herein, using a pair of orthogonal fluorogenic RNA aptamers, DNB and Broccoli, we engineered a modular sensor system to apply the DNB‐to‐Broccoli fluorescence ratio to quantify the cell‐to‐cell variations of target concentrations. These ratiometric sensors can be broadly applied for live‐cell imaging and quantification of metabolites, signaling molecules, and other synthetic compounds.

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In this work, after synthesis of graft copolymer collagen-based by gamma radiation, The effective parameters, for example, the Doses of initiator, monomer and protein as well as the reaction time on the graft copolymerization reactions were investigated to achieve the optimum grafting conditions. According to the empirical rates of the polymerization and the graft copolymerization of AMPS onto collagen backbone, the overall activation energy of the graft copolymerization reaction was estimated to be 29.8 kJ/mol.

In this research, we synthesize of a graft copolymer based on alginate via simultaneously graft copolymerization acrylamide (AAm) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) onto alginate backbones. The polymerization reaction was carried out in an aqueous medium and in the presence of ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. Infrared spectroscopy and TGA thermal analysis were carried out to confirm the chemical structure of the copolymer. A proposed mechanism for hydrogel formation was suggested.