F LAVONOIDS have demonstrated neuroprotective activity. Hesperidin, the major flavonoid in the hydroalcoholic extract of Citrus trifoliata L. fruits was quantified quantitatively using HPLC. The calibration curve obtained by plotting different concentrations of hesperidin standard versus the area under the curve revealed that hesperidin content was up to 30 mg/g. Hesperidin was isolated and identified using 1 H and 13 C NMR. Self-nano-emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) was prepared to improve the physical characteristics and optimize the activity of the extract. Monoamine oxidase enzyme (MAO-B) inhibitory effects of the SNEDDS, the extract, and the isolated hesperidin were evaluated. They showed significant decrease in the IC50 up to 129.9008, 252.7341, and 707.7631 ng/ml, respectively, compared with selegiline, with IC50 of 133.8403 ng/ml. The SNEDDS showed the highest activity, whereas the hydroalcoholic extract showed higher activity than the pure hesperidin, which could be attributed to synergistic effect of other flavonoids in extract. Hesperidin molecular docking studies were carried out. The ability of hesperidin to interact with the key amino acids in MAO-B binding site rationalizes this pronouncing activity as proven by its docking pattern and docking score compared with that of the known MOA-B inhibitor, safinamide.
Rosaceae is a large family in the plant regality, includes 3200 species in 115 genera such as Malus and Pyrus to which belong Malus domestica Borkh. fruits (apples) and Pyrus communis L. fruits (pears). Apples and pears have a wide variety of active constituents like anthocyanins, flavonoids, sterols, and tannins. P. communis and M. domestica fruits exhibit good antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and chemopreventive activities. Botanists prefer to keep apple and pear under genus Pyrus but recently, American authors keep them distinct, apple under genus Malus and pear under genus Pyrus. Hybrids were developed to produce cultivars adapted to Egypt warm weather, so there is a large similarity between the different pear and apple cultivars which requires accurate and rapid techniques for their differentiation. The genetic discrimination between apple cultivars, Anna (1), Volus (2), Dorset golden (3) and pear cultivars, Le-Conte (4), MKM (5) and Flordahome (6) were carried out using start codon targeted and inter simple sequence repeat techniques with ten decamer primers, five for each technique. All primers gave bands with all cultivars with total 49 bands, 26 with ISSR and 23 with SCoT techniques, respectively with 27, 19 and 3 monomorphic, polymorphic and unique bands, respectively. According to combined dendrogram and similarity matrix, apple and pear cultivars grouped into two main groups, one contains the apple cultivars and the other contains pear cultivars with similarity coefficient 0.76-0.92. As a result, we can use ISSR and SCoT techniques for differentiation between apple and pear cultivars which have large morphological similarity.
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