Metabolic profiling in liver and serum of mice was studied for the combined toxic effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), through gas chromatography mass spectrum. The spectrum of serum and liver sample of mice, treated with individual 2 mg/kg DON, 20 mg/kg ZEN, and the combined DON + ZEN with final concentration 2 mg/kg DON and 20 mg/kg ZEN for 21 days, were deconvoluted, aligned and identified with MS DIAL. The data matrix was processed with univariate analysis and multivariate analysis for selection of metabolites with variable importance for the projection (VIP) > 1, t-test p value < 0.05. The metabolic pathway analysis was performed with MetaMapp and drawn by CytoScape. Results show that the combined DON and ZEN treatment has an obvious “antagonistic effect” in serum and liver tissue metabolic profiling of mice. The blood biochemical indexes, like alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and albumin (ALB)/globulin (GLO), reveal a moderated trend in the combined DON + ZEN treatment group, which is consistent with histopathological examination. The metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that the combined DON and ZEN treatment could down-regulate the valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis, glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and O-glycosyl compounds related glucose metabolism in liver tissue. The metabolic profiling in serum confirmed the finding that the combined DON and ZEN treatment has an “antagonistic effect” on liver metabolism of mice.
Rapid, accurate,
and safe screening of foodborne pathogenic bacteria
is essential to effectively control and prevent outbreaks of foodborne
illness. Fluorescent sensors constructed from carbon dots (CDs) and
nanomaterial-based quenchers have provided an innovative method for
screening of pathogenic bacteria. Herein, an ultrasensitive magnetic
fluorescence aptasensor was designed for separation and detection
of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Multicolor fluorescent CDs with a long fluorescent lifetime (6.73
ns) and high fluorescence stability were synthesized using a facile
hydrothermal approach and modified cDNA as a highly sensitive fluorescent
probe. CD fluorescence was quenched by Fe3O4 + aptamer via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Under
optimal conditions, the FRET-based aptasensor can detect S.
aureus accompanied by a wide linear range of 50–107 CFU·mL–1 and a detection limit of
8 CFU·mL–1. Compared with other standard methods,
this method was faster and more convenient, and the entire test was
finished within 30 min. The capability of the aptasensor was simultaneously
investigated on food samples. Additionally, the developed CDs exhibited
excellent biocompatibility and were thus applied as fluorescent probes
for bioimaging both in vitro and in vivo. This new platform provided
an excellent application of the CDs for detecting and bioimaging pathogenic
bacteria.
Inflammation has been shown to play a critical role in the development of many diseases. In this study, we used metabolomics to evaluate the inflammatory effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the anti-inflammatory effect of glabridin (GB, a polyphenol from Glycurrhiza glabra L. roots) in RAW 264.7 cells. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that in comparison with the LPS group, the metabolic profile of the GB group was more similar to that of the control group. LPS impacted the amino acid, energy, and lipid metabolisms in RAW 264.7 cells, and metabolic pathway analysis showed that GB reversed some of those LPS impacts. Metabolomics analysis provided us with a new perspective to better understand the inflammatory response and the anti-inflammatory effects of GB. Metabolic pathway analysis can be an effective tool to elucidate the mechanism of inflammation and to potentially find new anti-inflammatory agents.
Ferric ions (Fe
3+
ions) and
l
-cysteine (
( l
-Cys) in the
human body have always played an irreplaceable
role in biological processes, and overload or deficiency of Fe
3+
ions and
l
-Cys in the biological system leads to
various diseases. In this work, N,S-co-doped red-emitting carbon dots
(R-CDs) were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. Because
the doping of N and S gives a unique functional group distribution
on the surface of R-CDs, it can be complexed with Fe
3+
ions
to construct an energy transfer quenching system. However, the presence
of
l
-Cys competitively binds to Fe
3+
ions, thus
resulting in the photoluminescence recovery of R-CDs. Therefore, a
“switch-on” dual function sensing platform has successfully
been developed based on R-CDs for rapid identification and quantification
of Fe
3+
ions and
l
-Cys. The linear detection range
of Fe
3+
ions is 0–30 μM (limit of detection
(LOD): 0.27 μM) and that of
l
-Cys is 0–24 μM
(LOD: 0.14 μM). The sensor platform was used to detect Fe
3+
ions and
l
-Cys in human serum samples with satisfactory
results. Compared with traditional detection methods, this method
is more time-saving and efficient and can be completed in 3 min. It
is worth mentioning that the R-CDs not only has high optical stability
but also has negligible cytotoxicity and has been successfully applied
to in vitro/vivo imaging, indicating that R-CDs have excellent tissue
penetration and biomarker potential. More interestingly, the switch-on
fluorescence behavior for stepwise detection of Fe
3+
ions
and
l
-Cys can also be observed in cell imaging, which provides
the possibility of visual detection of the probe to be applied in
vivo.
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