Synthesis of nanoparticles based on plant extract as reduction agent has been discovered extensively due to its environmental friendly approach. In this work, a facile silver nanoparticles is synthesized via incorporation of silver nitrate aqueous solution with Parkia speciosa leaves extract. Centrifugation is introduces to improve the characteristics of nanoparticles. Chemical interactions have identified –OH stretching vibration, C=O and C=C, proving the presence of phenolic, terpenoid and flavonoid capped on silver nanoparticles. The TEM result demonstrates the silver nanoparticles had consistence spherical nanoparticles shape with average particles size (59.96 nm) in accordance with FESEM analysis. The structural analysis by XRD shows the nanoparticles had high degree of crystallinity (97%) and crystallite size (17.95 nm). The optical analysis by UV‐Vis reveals that the nanoparticle produces brown colour solution with high absorption band (465 nm). This proves that Parkia speciosa extract has potential as reduction agent in synthesis of silver nanoparticles.

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Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plants, enzymes, and microorganism have been known as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional physical and chemical methods. Recently, the biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been a keen interest amongst researchers and scientist due to its simple technique, eco-friendliness, non-toxic, inexpensive and potential to perform in antibacterial activity. Thus, in this current work, the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using reduction agent from fruit extracts of Ananas Comosus is reported. The biosynthesized zinc oxide was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 30-57nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out via agar diffusion method against pathogenic organisms. It is observed that the biosynthesized ZnO in the process has the efficient antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Ananas Comosus is considered as a potential additive to substitute other metal oxides such as silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)but also provide antibacterial effect that able to enhance the nanoparticle performance.

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The transformation of kaolin to metakaolin was studied in various state in Malaysia which is Segamat, Nitar, Lenggor, Ipoh, Bidor, Mersing, Sabah, and Sarawak. In Segamat, the kaolin has a light colour due to the high silicate composition and also contain high mineral such as kaolinite and quartz existed as impurities. Aluminum rich kaolin is bright in color with elevated plasticity and is commonly used in the ceramic, plastic, dye, fabric, pesticide, pharmaceutical and beauty industry. For Nitar and Lenggor, production of metakaolin occurs at 510°C and formation of mullite occur at 900°C. Both clays show good crystallization of pseudohexagonal to hexagonal kaolinite particles. Moreover, the classification of clay and the sizing are the significant characteristic to be determined using the method of the beneficiations. The method of beneficiations is crucially important to increase the quality of clay to meet the requirement for industry application. In Ipoh and Sarawak, the primary deposit is dominated by kaolin and the mixture of granites and diorites produced from weathering. On the other hand, in Bidor, the primary deposit is a mixture of kaolinite, muscovite and smectite also formed by weathering. The increasing amount of illite in secondary kaolin deposits in the Mersing area due to the marine deposition of those deposits where illite formed by the absorption of clay minerals from the seawater by pottasium. Kaolin in Kg Gading, Bongawan Sabah were treated with sodium hexametaphosphate to remove impurities in natural kaolin. The transformation of kaolin to metakaolin was conducted at 800°C for 5 hours.