Biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles using plants, enzymes, and microorganism have been known as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional physical and chemical methods. Recently, the biological synthesis of nanoparticles has been a keen interest amongst researchers and scientist due to its simple technique, eco-friendliness, non-toxic, inexpensive and potential to perform in antibacterial activity. Thus, in this current work, the synthesis of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles using reduction agent from fruit extracts of Ananas Comosus is reported. The biosynthesized zinc oxide was characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The average size of the nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 30-57nm. The antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was carried out via agar diffusion method against pathogenic organisms. It is observed that the biosynthesized ZnO in the process has the efficient antibacterial activity. In conclusion, the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using the fruit extract of Ananas Comosus is considered as a potential additive to substitute other metal oxides such as silver (Ag) and titanium dioxide (TiO2)but also provide antibacterial effect that able to enhance the nanoparticle performance.
The significant effect of concentration (TBut/HCl) ratio in synthesizing titania nanoflowers (TNF) towards powder morphologies, crystallographic phases, surface area and band gap were investigated. Various synthesized titania nanostructure were prepared via facile hydrothermal method using titanium butoxide (TBut) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) as a mixing composition. The morphologies of synthesizing titania powder was analyzed by using FE-SEM to observe the shape and geometry of the synthesized powder. XRD was used to determine the crystallographic phases of synthesized powder at 2θ angles of 25° to 75°. Each samples were then investigated under BET analyzer to observe the particles surface morphology and UV-Vis analyzer to determine the band gap. The results demonstrated that the concentration of TBut/HCl ratio gave a very significant effect in transforming the mixing solution into geometrical shape of microspheres, nanoflowers and nanorods of titania as increasing the ratio. At TN0.5, the synthesized powder was clearly showed a circle geometrical shape of particles. The shape was suddenly change into round nanoflowers form consist of tiny nanorods at TN1. At TN1.5, the powder morphologies shows the nanoflowers started to form in irregular pattern. As the TBut/HCl ratio increased, the nanoflowers form disappeared and nanorods begin to clumps. In addition, all synthesized powder was in rutile phases guided by XRD peaks and band gap value reported from previous works. The particles surface area was also different for each samples since the geometrical shape of powder was change by increasing the concentration (TBut/HCl) ratio. Thus, concentration ratio of the mixing composition plays a major role in transforming the overall morphologies and structures of hydrothermally titania synthesized particles.
Methylene blue (MB) is frequently used in the textile, rubber, plastics, leather, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries. As a colouring and staining agent, MB is reported as one of the most studied dyes involving degradation and photocatalytic activity. Unfortunately, the discharge of waste from the mentioned industries contains residues of dyes, whereby the presence of a very low concentration of dyes can be highly visible. Discharging the waste without suitable treatment can cause many complications for the environment and human health. Due to that reason, the control of dye wastewater has become the most challenging task. Therefore, this review article will be focused on the MB treatment process, especially membrane filtration technology involving a pressure-driven membrane process, which is reported to be the most efficient method to treat MB dye wastewater.
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