These data implicate the RANTES-403A allele as a risk factor for HIV transmission and as a protective factor for HIV progression.

Objective: The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing dramatically affecting up to 30% of the population worldwide. At present, treatment options are limited and pharmacological management of NAFLD has had disappointing results. Some of the best available evidence to improve NAFLD concerns lifestyle modification. Objective: To detect the degree of weight reduction needed to improve the markers of hepatic function and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetics with NAFLD. Methods: One hundred type-2 diabetic male patients with NAFLD were included into this study and divided into two equal groups. Group (A) received aerobic exercise training in addition to diet regimen. Group (B) received no treatment intervention.Results: There was a 26.99%, 40.8%, 33.81%, 32.73%, 37.8% and 15 % reduction in mean values of Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), Gamma -Glutamyltransferase (GGT) and Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance-index (HOMA-IR) and BMI respectively in group (A) at the end of the study. While there were significant differences between mean levels of the investigated parameters in group (A) and group (B) after treatment. Conclusion: About 15 % reduction in BMI is effective to improve the liver condition and insulin resistance in type-2 diabetics with NAFLD.

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Background: Vitamin D deficiency is now considered a public health problem around the world that is strongly associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. However, vitamin D deficiency may play a role in mediating low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance among type 2 diabetic patients. Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between inflammation, insulin resistance among obese Saudi type 2 diabetic with vitamin D deficiency. Materials and Methods: One hundred obese Saudi patients with T2DM (60 males and 40 females). Their age was46.38 ± 7.53 year, and a control group included one hundred healthy volunteers, who was gender and age matched. Results: Obese T2DM patients showed significantly higher glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1c), Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) index, interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and C-reactive protein(CRP) in addition to significantly lower values of the quantitative insulinsensitivity check index (QUICKI) and 25(OH) vitamin D levels in comparison to controls. Serum levels of TNF-α , IL-6 and CRP showed an inverse relationship with QUICKI and a direct relationship with HOM-IR and HBA1c among obese Saudi type 2 diabetic with vitamin D deficiency. Conclusion: Within the limit of there is an association between insulin resistance and inflammatory cytokines among obese Saudi type 2 diabetic with vitamin D deficiency.

Background: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent condition associated with obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Adipokines include fat-secreted proteins such as leptin or adiponectin and fat-or liver-derived cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) are considered to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome, including NAFLD. Objective: The present study aimed to explore the role of adipokines in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and correlate them with glucose control. Material and Methods: One hundred Saudi patients with NAFLD (45 males and 55 females) with NAFLD diagnosed by ultrasonographic findings, our group includes one gender, age and body mass index (BMI) matched hundred healthy volunteers. Adiopkines and parameters of glucose control of all participants were detected. Results: Serum glucose, insulin, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase /alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT), serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), serum TNF-α and L-6 levels were significantly higher in patients with NAFLD when compared to control group. However, serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and adiponectin levels were significantly lower in patients with NAFLD when compared to control group. Moreover, serum levels of adipokines showed an association with insulin resistance. Conclusion: Within the limit of this study non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with adipokines alteration that is correlated with abnormal glucose control and insulin resistance.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive disease that is strongly associated with various complications including cardiovascular diseases and related mortality. The present study aimed to analyze the abundance and functionality of intrinsically disordered regions in several biomarkers of insulin resistance, adiponectin, and endothelial dysfunction found in the T2DM patients. In fact, in comparison to controls, obese T2DM patients are known to have significantly higher levels of inter-cellular adhesion molecule (iCAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (vCAM-1), and E-selectin, whereas their adiponectin levels are relatively low. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these selected biomarkers (iCAM-1, vCAM-1, E-selectin, and adiponectin) are characterized by the noticeable levels of intrinsic disorder propensity and high binding promiscuity, which are important features expected for proteins serving as biomarkers. Within the limit of studied groups, there is an association between insulin resistance and both hypoadiponectinemia and endothelial dysfunction.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic and progressive disease that is strongly associated with the all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. The present study aimed to analyze the abundance and functionality of intrinsically disordered regions in several biomarkers of insulin resistance, adiponectin, and endothelial dysfunction found in the T2DM patients. In fact, in comparison to controls, obese T2DM patients are known to have significantly higher levels of inter-cellular adhesion molecule (iCAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule (vCAM-1), and E-selectin, whereas their adiponectin levels are relatively low. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that these selected biomarkers (iCAM-1, vCAM-1, Eselectin, and adiponectin) are characterized by the noticeable levels of intrinsic disorder propensity and high binding promiscuity, which are important features expected for proteins serving as biomarkers. Within the limit of studied groups, there is an association between insulin resistance and both hypoadiponectinemia and endothelial dysfunction.PeerJ PrePrints | https://dx.doi.org/10.7287/peerj.preprints.1395v1 | CC-BY 4.0 Open Access |