A very fast and controlled atom transfer radical (co)polymerization (ATRP) of acrylates, methacrylates, styrene, and vinyl chloride is reported in a single dipolar aprotic solvent, sulfolane, with the use of ppm amount of the copper catalyst. The observed rates of polymerization (k p app ) of the monomers studied are similar to those reported using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and other polar solvents typically employed in single electron transfer (SET)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) processes. As proof-of-concept, ABA type block copolymers of polystyrene-b-poly(vinyl chloride)-b-polystyrene and poly(methyl acrylate)-b-poly(vinyl chloride)-bpoly(methyl acrylate) were prepared for the first time using a reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) method in a single solvent. The quantitative preservation of halide chain-ends was confirmed by 1 H NMR and MALDI-TOF analysis as well as by the complete shift of the GPC traces. The results presented establish an innovative and robust system to afford a vast portfolio of (co)polymers in a single widely used industrial solvent.
An
unusual synergistic effect between 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate
(BMIM-PF6) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) mixtures is reported
for the supplemental activator and reducing agent atom transfer radical
polymerization (SARA ATRP) of methyl acrylate (MA) using a catalytic
system composed by sodium dithionate (Na2S2O4) and CuBr2/Me6TREN (Me6TREN:
tris[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amine) at room temperature. To the best
of our knowledge, the use of ionic liquids (IL) has never been reported
for the SARA ATRP. The kinetic data obtained for a broad range of
target molecular weights revealed very fast polymerization rates,
low dispersity values (Đ < 1.05) and well-defined
chain-end functionalities.
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to design and validate a questionnaire to measure perceived symptoms
associated with antihypertensive drugs (PERSYVE).MethodsThe PERSYVE development and validation included four stages: 1) item development (bibliographic
review and questionnaire elaboration); 2) face and content validation; 3) field testing (pre-test);
and 4) test-retest validation, assessment of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and
reproducibility over time (intraclass correlation coefficient and Cohen’s kappa
coefficient).ResultsPERSYVE is divided into six sections according to results obtained from the literature review:
(1) drug adherence, (2) perceived symptoms and how they affect quality of life (five-point Likert
scale), (3) communication with health professionals, (4) perception of symptoms as adverse
reactions, (5) influence on therapy compliance, and (6) adoption of non-pharmacological methods for
blood pressure control. Content and face validation of the questionnaire led to some vocabulary
changes and the introduction of section 2.1. Field-testing (n=26) revealed high comprehensibility of
the questions. The Cronbach's alpha, calculated for section 2 (five-point Likert scale) was
0.850. PERSYVE was reproducible (n=167): kappa values presented fair to substantial reproducibility
and, in section 2, ICC values resulted in good to excellent reproducibility.ConclusionResults showed that PERSYVE is a well-structured, objective, patient-friendly, valid and reliable
questionnaire. PERSYVE can be a very useful instrument in hypertensive patients’ monitoring
and in the screening of adverse effects.
Cymbopogon citratus is one of the most common herbs used in folk medicine due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Taking into account these properties showed on in vitro assays, the aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of C. citratus leaves infusion (CcE) and its flavonoid-rich (CcF) and tannin-rich (CcT) fractions. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory activity was performed in the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model. Both central and peripheral analgesic activities were evaluated in mice through the hot plate test and the acetic acid-induced writhing test, respectively. In the acute inflammation model, the statistically significant results obtained in percentage of oedema inhibition were 70.80 and 82.30% for CcE (34.12 and 68.24 mg kgG , respectively), 59.00% for CcF 1 (7.42 mg kgG), 61.00% for CcT (5.96 mg kgG) and 84.00% for positive control group 1 1 (10 mg kgG). For the peripheral pain evaluation, statistically significant results showed a pain 1 reduction of 57.00% for CcE (136.48 mg kgG), 54.60% for CcF (14.8 mg kgG), 52.20% for CcT 1 1 (11.92 mg kgG) and 83.00% for positive control group. This study demonstrates that C. citratus 1 infusion compounds are able to reduce inflammation and peripheral pain in vivo, with polyphenols showing a significant contribution for these activities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.