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Alginate-based particles have emerged as one of the most extensively searched drug delivery platforms due to their inherent properties, including good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Moreover, the low price, easy availability, natural origin, versatility and sol-gel transition properties, make alginate an ideal candidate to produce particles with different applications. Several techniques have been developed and optimized to prepare microparticles and nanoparticles in order to achieve more rational, coherent, efficient and cost-effective procedures. Alginate represents a suitable choice concerning delivery systems' safety, and therefore alginate-based particles have shown to be useful in the field of drug delivery with a special focus on biological encapsulants. Area covered: This review will provide an overview of alginate-based delivery systems, covering the innovative preparation methods of the last decade, the advantages and disadvantages of the most used methods, their wide diversity of applications and safety concerns. Expert opinion: The progression of nanotechnology over the last decades has stimulated the refinement of former microencapsulation methods and the exploration of new approaches towards the submicron scale with increased attention being focused on the safety of nanoparticles and product performance. Therefore, the design and optimization of the preparation methods of alginate-based microparticles and nanoparticles as well as their nontoxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability to reach the desired application have been widely explored.

Qualidade de vida de crianças e adolescentes: uma revisão bibliográfica Quality of life of children and adolescents: a bibliographical reviewResumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as produções científicas nacionais, que abordam a temática da qualidade de vida ligada à saúde da criança e do adolescente. As bases de dados consultadas foram a SciELO e Bireme totalizando 30 artigos publicados no período de 1990 a 2008. Revelou-se uma predominância da abordagem quantitativa (70%) e um alto índice de aplicações de instrumentos de avaliações de qualidade de vida ligada à saúde (66,7%) e genéricos (28,6%). O conceito de qualidade de vida foi usado em duas vertentes: no contexto da pesquisa científica e como parte dos resultados desejados das práticas assistenciais e políticas públicas. O referido construto é apresentado através de uma perspectiva multidimensional, incluindo no mínimo as dimensões fí-sica, psicológica e social e de uma perspectiva subjetiva, o que implica no pressuposto de que a pró-pria pessoa deve avaliar sua qualidade de vida. Observou-se ainda um movimento de valorização da perspectiva da criança e do adolescente como relator de sua experiência de vida. Conclui-se pela necessidade de criação e utilização de instrumentos de avaliação de qualidade de vida que valorizem a perspectiva de crianças e adolescentes e adequados a sua fase de desenvolvimento. A avaliação de qualidade de vida deve ser incorporada à avaliação clínica uma vez que a doença crônica repercute nas diversas dimensões da vida dos mesmos. Palavras-chave Qualidade de vida, Saúde da criança, Saúde do adolescente Abstract The scope of this article was to analyze Brazilian scientific articles that assess the quality of life related to the health of children and adolescents. The databases consulted were SciELO and Bireme involving a total of 30 articles published between 1990 and 2008. The articles confirmed the predominance of quantitative methodologies (70%) with a high incidence of applications of HRQL (66.7%) and generic texts (28.6%). The concept of quality of life was evaluated from two standpoints: in the context of scientific research and as part of the desired results of healthcare and public policy. This construct is presented from a multidimensional perspective, embracing the social, psychological, physical and individual dimensions, which is based on the premise that the individuals themselves must assess their own quality of life. The article draws attention to the need to create and use instruments of quality of life for children and adolescents that enhance their perspective about their health processes using appropriate tools for each phase of development. The assessment of quality of life should be incorporated in clinical assessment since chronic illness has repercussions in the many dimensions of the life.

Objective More than thirty years after the onset of the HIV epidemic, there is no information on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders among HIV-positive individuals in the general population. We sought to compare the prevalence of 12-month psychiatric disorders among HIV-positive and HIV-negative adults stratified by sex, and to examine the differential increase in risk of a psychiatric disorder as a function of the interaction of sex and HIV status. Methods Face-to-face interviews conducted between 2004 and 2005 with participants in a large nationally representative sample of US adults (34,653). Results When compared with their HIV-negative same sex counterparts, HIV-positive men were more likely to have any mood disorder (Odds ratio [OR]=6.10; 95%; Confidence interval [CI] =2.99–12.44), major depressive disorder/dysthymia (OR=3.77; 95% CI=1.16–12.27), any anxiety disorder (OR=4.02; 95% CI=2.12–7.64), and any personality disorder (OR=2.50; 95% CI=1.34–4.67) In relation to their same sex HIV-negative counterparts, the effect of HIV status on the odds of any mood disorder (OR=7.17; 95% CI=2.52–20.41), any anxiety disorder (OR=3.45; 95% CI=1.27–9.38) and any personality disorder (OR=2.66; 95% CI=1.16–6.10) was significantly greater for men than women. Conclusions HIV status was significantly more strongly associated with psychiatric disorders in men than women. HIV-positive men had a higher prevalence than HIV-negative men of most psychiatric disorders. By contrast, HIV-positive women were not significantly more likely than HIV-negative women to have psychiatric disorders.

Oral insulin able to induce an efficient antihyperglycemic effect either to replace or complement diabetes mellitus therapy is the major goal of health providers, governments and diabetic patients. Oral therapy is associated not only with the desire to exclude needles from the daily routine of diabetic patient but also with the physiological provision of insulin they would get. Despite numerous efforts over the past few decades to develop insulin delivery systems, there is still no commercially available oral insulin. The reasons why the formulations developed to administer insulin orally fail to reach clinical trials are critically discussed in this review. The principal features of nanoformulations used so far are also addressed as well as the undergoing clinical trials.

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